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Cytogenetics > DNA & Chromosomes > Flashcards

DNA & Chromosomes Flashcards

1
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid

A

DNA

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2
Q

Raw material of inheritance and ultimately influences all aspect of the structure and functioning of the human body.

A

DNA Molecule

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3
Q

single molecule of DNA and associated
proteins.

A

Chromosome

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4
Q

located in the nuclei and each human cell contains about 23 different pairs of chromosomes.

A

Chromosome

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5
Q

Composed of repeating units of “nucleotides” which consist of: (3)

A

Deoxyribose sugar
Phosphate group
One of 4 nitrogen containing bases

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6
Q

2 Bases

A

Purines
Pyrimidines

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7
Q

Adenine and Guanine

[bases]

A

Purines

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8
Q

Cytosine and Thymine

[bases]

A

Pyrimidines

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9
Q

backbone - found in the outer structure of the helix.

A

Sugar and phosphate groups

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10
Q

positioned side by side n the inside of the double helix.

A

Nitrogenous base

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11
Q

DNA Synthesis [steps]

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Replication
  3. Termination
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12
Q

Breakage of hydrogen bonds mediated by DNA Helicase and single stranded binding protein (SSB).

[dna synthesis steps]

A

Initiation

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13
Q

Primase generates an RNA primer which initiates replication by binding the DNA Polymerase takes place in both strands but nucleotide can only be added to the 3’ end of an existing strand (leading strand).

[dna synthesis steps]

A

Replication

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14
Q

The 3’ end which consists of non - coding DNA (telomere) is cut off. Enzymes proof-read the sequence (correct pairing) and enzymes called nuclease remove incorrect DNA.

[dna synthesis steps]

A

Termination

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15
Q

Enzymes proof-read the sequence (correct pairing) and enzymes called?

A

nuclease remove incorrect DNA

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16
Q

The nitrogenous bases of DNA are not present in equal proportions and that the proportions of these bases vary from one species to another.

A

Chargaff’s Rule

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17
Q

Consist of a single continuous molecule of DNA complexed with histones and non histone proteins.

A

Chromatin

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18
Q

4 Several levels of DNA organization

A
  1. DNA Helix
  2. Histones
  3. Solenoid
  4. Chromosome
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19
Q

Consists of 2 sister chromatids each of which is comprised of contracted and compacted double helix of DNA.

A

Chromosome Structure

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20
Q

more condensed

[chromosome parts]

A

Heterochromatin

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21
Q

silence genes (methylated)

[chromosome parts]

A

Heterochromatin

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22
Q

gene poor (high at content)

[chromosome parts]

A

Heterochromatin

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23
Q

stains darker

[chromosome parts]

A

Heterochromatin

24
Q

less condensed

[chromosome parts]

A

Eurochromatin

25
Q

gene expressing

[chromosome parts]

A

Eurochromatin

26
Q

gene rich (higher gc content)

[chromosome parts]

A

Eurochromatin

27
Q

stains lighter

[chromosome parts]

A

Eurochromatin

28
Q

it is the chromosome tips.

[chromosome parts]

A

Tolemeres

29
Q

repeats

[chromosome parts]

A

Tolemeres

30
Q

act as sort of biological clock.

[chromosome parts]

A

Tolemeres

31
Q

being whittled down at each mitosis.

[chromosome parts]

A

Tolemeres

32
Q

it is the middle of chromosomes.

[chromosome parts]

A

Centromeres

33
Q

highly condensed

[chromosome parts]

A

Centromeres

34
Q

also repetitive sequence.

[chromosome parts]

A

Centromeres

35
Q

region where spindle fibers attach.

[chromosome parts]

A

Centromeres

36
Q

pulling chromatids apart during mitosis.

[chromosome parts]

A

Centromeres

37
Q

the smaller of the two arms.

[chromosome parts]

A

P arm

38
Q

the longer of the two arms.

[chromosome parts]

A

Q arm

39
Q

bands are numbered from centromere outward.

[chromosome parts]

A

Q arm

40
Q

4 types of Chromosomes

A

Telocentric
Acrocentric
Submetacentric
Metacentric

41
Q

no p arm; centromere is on end.

[types of chromosome]

A

Telocentric

42
Q

very small p arm; centromere is very near end.

[types of chromosome]

A

Acrocentric

43
Q

p arm just a little smaller than q arm; centromere in middle.

[types of chromosome]

A

Submetacentric

44
Q

p and q arms are exactly the same length; centromere in exact middle of chromosome.

[types of chromosome]

A

Metacentric

45
Q

These are the sites where the spindle fibers attach.

A

Kinetochores

46
Q

These two are responsible for the movement of the two sister chromatids to opposite poles of dividing cell during anaphase.

A

Kinetochores and Spindle apparatus

47
Q

are grouped based on the position of the centromere on the chromosome.

A

Human chromosome

48
Q

located at the terminal end.

[chromosome centromere]

A

TELOCENTRIC

49
Q

centromere is near one end.

[chromosome centromere]

A

ACROCENTRIC

50
Q

between the middle and end.

[chromosome centromere]

A

SUBMETACENTRIC

51
Q

located at the terminal end.

[chromosome centromere]

A

TELOCENTRIC

52
Q

These are also the site of ribosomal RNA genes and production of RNA.

A

NORs — Nucleolar Organizer Regions

53
Q

Physical end of chromosome.

A

Chromosome — Tolemeres

54
Q

Acts as PROTECTIVE CAPS to chromosome ends, preventing end to end fusion of chromosomes and DNA degradation resulting after chromosome breakage.

A

Chromosome — Tolemeres

55
Q

Plays a role in SYNAPSIS (pairing of 2 homologous chromosomes) during meiosis. Chromosome pairing appears to be initiated in the sub-telomeric regions.

A

Chromosome — Tolemeres

Cytogenetics (4 decks)

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