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Cytogenetics > Strategies in Epidemiology > Flashcards

Strategies in Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

A number or label assigned to empirical properties of a variable according to rules.

A

Measurement

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2
Q

[2] Measurement

A
  1. Numbers
  2. Labels
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3
Q

Numerals that have quantitative meaning.

[measurement]

A

Numbers

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4
Q

Attributes that have qualitative meaning.

[measurement]

A

Labels

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5
Q

Categorizing each subject into 2 or more mutually exclusive groups.

A

Classification (labels)

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6
Q

Important to have an organize data and allows us to compare datas and plan intervention in the population.

A

Classification (labels)

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7
Q

[3] Examples of Classification (labels)

A
  1. Nutritional status
  2. Severity of pain
  3. Disease status
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8
Q

The fewer / smaller the errors, the better the measurements.

A

Quality of measurements

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9
Q

To improve the quality of our studies and provide reliable findings for better decisions in public health and research.

A

Quality of measurements

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10
Q

Errors - issues or inaccuracies in your data.

A

Quality of measurements

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11
Q

Issues or inaccuracies in your data.

A

Error

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12
Q

[2] Error

A
  1. Misclassification
  2. Deviation
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13
Q

Wrong conclusion or study outcome.

[error]

A

Misclassification

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14
Q

Pre-requisite for making measurements.

A

Operational definition

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15
Q

Refers to a clear and specific description of how a particular variable or concept is measured or identified in a study.

A

Operational definition

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16
Q

Ensure the clarity and allows replication of the measurement.

A

Operational definition

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17
Q

Examples of Operational definition

A

Weight

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18
Q

[2] Examples of Weight in Operational Definition.

A
  1. Contextual
  2. Operational
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19
Q

Measurement of gravitational force acting on an object.

[weight]

A

Contextual

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20
Q

Result of an object on a Newton spring scale.

[weight]

A

Operational

21
Q

[5] Sources of Errors

A
  1. Observer
  2. System
  3. Subjects
  4. Instrument
  5. Data processing procedures
22
Q

examiner, interviewer.

[sources of error]

A

Observer

23
Q

Coding and classifying systems.

[sources of error]

A

System

24
Q

Differences or changes in the diagnostic criteria used by most clinicians.

[sources of error]

A

Observer error

25
Q

Differences or changes in the application of diagnostic criteria by individual clinicians.

[sources of error]

A

Observer error

26
Q

Prior knowledge.

[sources of error]

A

Observer error

27
Q

Defects or changes in.

[sources of error]

A

Systems error

28
Q

– Classification of diseases / causes of death
– Coding if diseases / causes of death.

[sources of error]

A

System error

29
Q

[3] Subject error

A
  1. Behavioral
  2. Interactive responses
  3. Biologic variability
30
Q

Equipment / mechanical instrument.

[sources of error]

A

Instrument error

31
Q

Single index instrument.

[sources of error]

A

Instrument error

32
Q

Interview schedule/questionnaire: unclear instructions

[sources of error]

A

Instrument error

33
Q

Abstraction form: not properly labeled, incomplete/ unclear

[sources of error]

A

Instrument error

34
Q

Observation Checklist: incomplete/unclear

[sources of error]

A

Instrument error

35
Q

Analytic or scaling problems of combining information from 2 or more items to form an overall index or indicator of the factor/disease.

[instrument error]

A

Single index instrument

36
Q

[2] Criteria for assessing quality of measurement.

A
  1. Reliability
  2. Validity
37
Q

The extent to which the measurements obtained are reproducible or repeatable.

[Criteria for assessing quality of
measurement]

A

Reliability

38
Q

The extent to which measurements reflect the true values of the theoretical factors that the observed variable is supposed to measure.

[Criteria for assessing quality of
measurement]

A

Vailidity

39
Q

[3] Reliability

A
  1. Inter-observer reliability
  2. Intra-observer reliability
  3. Internal consistency (abstract factors)
40
Q

Across 2 or more observer.

A

Inter-observe realiability

41
Q

Within the same person looking at the same data, giving same results.

A

Intra-observer reliabilty

42
Q

Similarity among items of a composite measure.

A

Internal consistency

43
Q

[4] Validity

A
  1. Sensitivity
  2. Specificity
  3. Predictive value (+)
  4. Predictive value (-)
44
Q

Proportion of people labelled positive by the test among those with the disease.

[validity]

A

Sensitivity

45
Q

Proportion of people labelled negative by the test among those without the disease.

[validity]

A

Specificity

46
Q

Proportion of people who tested positive who have the disease.

[validity]

A

Predictive value (+)

47
Q

Proportion of people who tested negative among those without the disease.

[validity]

A

Predictive value (-)

48
Q

Human errors which involves.

A

Data processing

Cytogenetics (14 decks)

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