Strategies in Epidemiology

Question 1

A number or label assigned to empirical properties of a variable according to rules.

Answer 1

Measurement

Question 2

[2] Measurement

Answer 2

1. Numbers
2. Labels

Question 3

Numerals that have quantitative meaning.

[measurement]

Answer 3

Numbers

Question 4

Attributes that have qualitative meaning.

[measurement]

Answer 4

Labels

Question 5

Categorizing each subject into 2 or more mutually exclusive groups.

Answer 5

Classification (labels)

Question 6

Important to have an organize data and allows us to compare datas and plan intervention in the population.

Answer 6

Classification (labels)

Question 7

[3] Examples of Classification (labels)

Answer 7

1. Nutritional status
2. Severity of pain
3. Disease status

Question 8

The fewer / smaller the errors, the better the measurements.

Answer 8

Quality of measurements

Question 9

To improve the quality of our studies and provide reliable findings for better decisions in public health and research.

Answer 9

Quality of measurements

Question 10

Errors - issues or inaccuracies in your data.

Answer 10

Quality of measurements

Question 11

Issues or inaccuracies in your data.

Answer 11

Error

Question 12

[2] Error

Answer 12

1. Misclassification
2. Deviation

Question 13

Wrong conclusion or study outcome.

[error]

Answer 13

Misclassification

Question 14

Pre-requisite for making measurements.

Answer 14

Operational definition

Question 15

Refers to a clear and specific description of how a particular variable or concept is measured or identified in a study.

Answer 15

Operational definition

Question 16

Ensure the clarity and allows replication of the measurement.

Answer 16

Operational definition

Question 17

Examples of Operational definition

Answer 17

Weight

Question 18

[2] Examples of Weight in Operational Definition.

Answer 18

1. Contextual
2. Operational

Question 19

Measurement of gravitational force acting on an object.

[weight]

Answer 19

Contextual

Question 20

Result of an object on a Newton spring scale.

[weight]

Answer 20

Operational

Question 21

[5] Sources of Errors

Answer 21

1. Observer
2. System
3. Subjects
4. Instrument
5. Data processing procedures

Question 22

examiner, interviewer.

[sources of error]

Answer 22

Observer

Question 23

Coding and classifying systems.

[sources of error]

Answer 23

System

Question 24

Differences or changes in the diagnostic criteria used by most clinicians.

[sources of error]

Answer 24

Observer error

Question 25

Differences or changes in the application of diagnostic criteria by individual clinicians. [sources of error]

Answer 25

Observer error

Question 26

Prior knowledge. [sources of error]

Answer 26

Observer error

Question 27

Defects or changes in. [sources of error]

Answer 27

Systems error

Question 28

– Classification of diseases / causes of death – Coding if diseases / causes of death. [sources of error]

Answer 28

System error

Question 29

[3] Subject error

Answer 29

1. Behavioral 2. Interactive responses 3. Biologic variability

Question 30

Equipment / mechanical instrument. [sources of error]

Answer 30

Instrument error

Question 31

Single index instrument. [sources of error]

Answer 31

Instrument error

Question 32

Interview schedule/questionnaire: unclear instructions [sources of error]

Answer 32

Instrument error

Question 33

Abstraction form: not properly labeled, incomplete/ unclear [sources of error]

Answer 33

Instrument error

Question 34

Observation Checklist: incomplete/unclear [sources of error]

Answer 34

Instrument error

Question 35

Analytic or scaling problems of combining information from 2 or more items to form an overall index or indicator of the factor/disease. [instrument error]

Answer 35

Single index instrument

Question 36

[2] Criteria for assessing quality of measurement.

Answer 36

1. Reliability 2. Validity

Question 37

The extent to which the measurements obtained are reproducible or repeatable. [Criteria for assessing quality of measurement]

Answer 37

Reliability

Question 38

The extent to which measurements reflect the true values of the theoretical factors that the observed variable is supposed to measure. [Criteria for assessing quality of measurement]

Answer 38

Vailidity

Question 39

[3] Reliability

Answer 39

1. Inter-observer reliability 2. Intra-observer reliability 3. Internal consistency (abstract factors)

Question 40

Across 2 or more observer.

Answer 40

Inter-observe realiability

Question 41

Within the same person looking at the same data, giving same results.

Answer 41

Intra-observer reliabilty

Question 42

Similarity among items of a composite measure.

Answer 42

Internal consistency

Question 43

[4] Validity

Answer 43

1. Sensitivity 2. Specificity 3. Predictive value (+) 4. Predictive value (-)

Question 44

Proportion of people labelled positive by the test among those with the disease. [validity]

Answer 44

Sensitivity

Question 45

Proportion of people labelled negative by the test among those without the disease. [validity]

Answer 45

Specificity

Question 46

Proportion of people who tested positive who have the disease. [validity]

Answer 46

Predictive value (+)

Question 47

Proportion of people who tested negative among those without the disease. [validity]

Answer 47

Predictive value (-)

Question 48

Human errors which involves.

Answer 48

Data processing