The Cell Flashcards
What is transduction?
In bacteria, the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another using bacteriophages.
What is a bacteriophage?
Virus that infects bacteria
What is transformation?
In bacteria, the acquisition of genetic material from the environment
What is conjugation?
In bacteria, the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another using a conjugation bridge.
What is a conjugation bridge made of?
Sex pili formed by sex factors
What is the direction of conjugation?
From the donor male (+) to the recipient female (-)
3 types of epithelial cells based on shape?
- Cuboidal (square)
- Columnar (long, narrow)
- Squamous (flat, scale-like)
How do mitochondria divide?
Binary fission
Do the mitochondria need the nucleus to divide?
No
What are the 3 parts of the cytoskeleton?
- Microfilaments
- Microtubules
- Intermediate filaments
What are microfilaments made of?
Actin
What are microtubules made of?
Tubulin
Difference between smooth and rough ER?
Smooth: lipid synthesis + detoxification of certain drugs and poisons
Rough: studded with ribosomes
What is the nucleolus? What happens there?
Subsection of the nucleus
rRNA is synthesized there
What is the role of rRNA?
Help decode mRNA
What do viruses contain (3 things)?
- Genetic material
- Capsid = protein coat
- Lipid-containing envelop (sometimes)
Are viruses considered living things? Why?
No, because they need other cells to replicate
How do prokaryotes carry out the ETC?
Using the cell membrane
Where are plasmids and transposons from? What is the difference?
Both are made of bacterial genetic material. However, plasmids do not usually integrate into the main genomic DNA, but transposons do.
What is the genetic material of bacteria made of?
DNA => double-stranded, circular, and self-replicating.
What is the genetic material of viruses made of?
DNA or RNA
What are retroviruses?
Viruses with RNA as genetic material, who use it to make a complimentary DNA strand using reverse transcriptase
What does it mean when a virus is positive sense?
Its genetic material is single stranded RNA that can be directly translated by the host cell
What does it mean when a virus is negative sense?
Its genetic material is single stranded RNA that needs to be replicated by RNA replicase before it can be translated by the host cell
What are prions? What do they cause?
Infectious proteins
Misfolding of other proteins (usually alpha helices and beta sheets)
What are viroids? What is there genetic material made of? What do they cause?
Plant pathogens
Small circular RNA
Can turn genes off
Gram + bacteria: what is the wall made of? What color does it turn?
Thick wall (no outer membrane): peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid Purple
What does bacteria gram staining use?
Crystal violet stain
Gram - bacteria: what is the wall made of? What color does it turn?
Thin wall: peptidoglycan and outer membrane = phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides
Pink/red
Difference between episomes and transposons?
Transposons are a type of episomes
What is the basement membrane?
The underlying layer of connective tissue that tightly joins epithelial cells together
What are cilia and flagella made up?
Microtubules (9+2 structure)
What part of mitosis are microfilaments involved in?
Cytokinesis
What part of mitosis are microtubules involved in?
Metaphase
What does desiccation mean?
Drying
What are the 4 phases of bacterial growth?
- Lag = adapts to new local conditions
- Exponential (log) = exponential growth
- Stationary = resources decrease
- Death = insufficient resources
What are the 2 life cycles of bacteriophages?
- Lytic = massive number of virus cells produced
2. Lysogenic = virus integrates into host genome and reproduces
What is the genetic material of mitochondria made of?
DNA => double-stranded, circular, and self-replicating.
Which bacterial recombination technique would allow for an entire colony to be converted?
Conjugation
How do transcription and translation happen in prokaryotes?
Simulateously
Where is the genetic material stored in viruses?
The capsid!
What is one main difference between bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) and animal viruses?
Animal cells have proteins on their surface plasma that serve as specific receptors for viruses to bind and then enter via endocytosis; bacteria do not so the virus punctures the bacteria to enter
What is formylmethionine? Is it used in human cells?
The first amino acid added in bacterial protein synthesis
No
What is the difference between mitochondrial and nuclear DNA?
Mitochondrial DNA: lacks histone complexes!
How many membranes does the lysosomes have?
1
What are the 2 parts of a cell with a double membrane?
Mitochondria and nucleus
Do ribosomes have a membrane?
No
In human cells, what are the only 2 organelles that undergo fission?
mitochondria and peroxisomes
Can eukaryotes produce reverse transcriptase?
No
What does reverse transcriptase do?
Makes DNA from RNA
When does a modification need to happen to have an effect on all of the chromatids during cell replication?
it needs to happen before synthesis
What does prokaryotic DNA lack?
Nucleosomes and histones
How does photosynthesis work in plants?
Plants have green pigment to absorb light for photosynthesis → photosynthesis fixes CO2, which is then used to make glucose → glucose anabolism
