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MCAT Biology > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

What is transduction?

A

In bacteria, the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another using bacteriophages.

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2
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

Virus that infects bacteria

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3
Q

What is transformation?

A

In bacteria, the acquisition of genetic material from the environment

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4
Q

What is conjugation?

A

In bacteria, the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another using a conjugation bridge.

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5
Q

What is a conjugation bridge made of?

A

Sex pili formed by sex factors

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6
Q

What is the direction of conjugation?

A

From the donor male (+) to the recipient female (-)

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7
Q

3 types of epithelial cells based on shape?

A
  1. Cuboidal (square)
  2. Columnar (long, narrow)
  3. Squamous (flat, scale-like)
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8
Q

How do mitochondria divide?

A

Binary fission

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9
Q

Do the mitochondria need the nucleus to divide?

A

No

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10
Q

What are the 3 parts of the cytoskeleton?

A
  1. Microfilaments
  2. Microtubules
  3. Intermediate filaments
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11
Q

What are microfilaments made of?

A

Actin

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12
Q

What are microtubules made of?

A

Tubulin

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13
Q

Difference between smooth and rough ER?

A

Smooth: lipid synthesis + detoxification of certain drugs and poisons
Rough: studded with ribosomes

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14
Q

What is the nucleolus? What happens there?

A

Subsection of the nucleus

rRNA is synthesized there

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15
Q

What is the role of rRNA?

A

Help decode mRNA

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16
Q

What do viruses contain (3 things)?

A
  1. Genetic material
  2. Capsid = protein coat
  3. Lipid-containing envelop (sometimes)
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17
Q

Are viruses considered living things? Why?

A

No, because they need other cells to replicate

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18
Q

How do prokaryotes carry out the ETC?

A

Using the cell membrane

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19
Q

Where are plasmids and transposons from? What is the difference?

A

Both are made of bacterial genetic material. However, plasmids do not usually integrate into the main genomic DNA, but transposons do.

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20
Q

What is the genetic material of bacteria made of?

A

DNA => double-stranded, circular, and self-replicating.

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21
Q

What is the genetic material of viruses made of?

A

DNA or RNA

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22
Q

What are retroviruses?

A

Viruses with RNA as genetic material, who use it to make a complimentary DNA strand using reverse transcriptase

23
Q

What does it mean when a virus is positive sense?

A

Its genetic material is single stranded RNA that can be directly translated by the host cell

24
Q

What does it mean when a virus is negative sense?

A

Its genetic material is single stranded RNA that needs to be replicated by RNA replicase before it can be translated by the host cell

25
Q

What are prions? What do they cause?

A

Infectious proteins

Misfolding of other proteins (usually alpha helices and beta sheets)

26
Q

What are viroids? What is there genetic material made of? What do they cause?

A

Plant pathogens
Small circular RNA
Can turn genes off

27
Q

Gram + bacteria: what is the wall made of? What color does it turn?

A 
Thick wall (no outer membrane): peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid
Purple
28
Q

What does bacteria gram staining use?

A

Crystal violet stain

29
Q

Gram - bacteria: what is the wall made of? What color does it turn?

A

Thin wall: peptidoglycan and outer membrane = phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides
Pink/red

30
Q

Difference between episomes and transposons?

A

Transposons are a type of episomes

31
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

The underlying layer of connective tissue that tightly joins epithelial cells together

32
Q

What are cilia and flagella made up?

A

Microtubules (9+2 structure)

33
Q

What part of mitosis are microfilaments involved in?

A

Cytokinesis

34
Q

What part of mitosis are microtubules involved in?

A

Metaphase

35
Q

What does desiccation mean?

A

Drying

36
Q

What are the 4 phases of bacterial growth?

A
  1. Lag = adapts to new local conditions
  2. Exponential (log) = exponential growth
  3. Stationary = resources decrease
  4. Death = insufficient resources
37
Q

What are the 2 life cycles of bacteriophages?

A
  1. Lytic = massive number of virus cells produced

2. Lysogenic = virus integrates into host genome and reproduces

38
Q

What is the genetic material of mitochondria made of?

A

DNA => double-stranded, circular, and self-replicating.

39
Q

Which bacterial recombination technique would allow for an entire colony to be converted?

A

Conjugation

40
Q

How do transcription and translation happen in prokaryotes?

A

Simulateously

41
Q

Where is the genetic material stored in viruses?

A

The capsid!

42
Q

What is one main difference between bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) and animal viruses?

A

Animal cells have proteins on their surface plasma that serve as specific receptors for viruses to bind and then enter via endocytosis; bacteria do not so the virus punctures the bacteria to enter

43
Q

What is formylmethionine? Is it used in human cells?

A

The first amino acid added in bacterial protein synthesis

No

44
Q

What is the difference between mitochondrial and nuclear DNA?

A

Mitochondrial DNA: lacks histone complexes!

45
Q

How many membranes does the lysosomes have?

A

1

46
Q

What are the 2 parts of a cell with a double membrane?

A

Mitochondria and nucleus

47
Q

Do ribosomes have a membrane?

A

No

48
Q

In human cells, what are the only 2 organelles that undergo fission?

A

mitochondria and peroxisomes

49
Q

Can eukaryotes produce reverse transcriptase?

A

No

50
Q

What does reverse transcriptase do?

A

Makes DNA from RNA

51
Q

When does a modification need to happen to have an effect on all of the chromatids during cell replication?

A

it needs to happen before synthesis

52
Q

What does prokaryotic DNA lack?

A

Nucleosomes and histones

53
Q

How does photosynthesis work in plants?

A

Plants have green pigment to absorb light for photosynthesis → photosynthesis fixes CO2, which is then used to make glucose → glucose anabolism

MCAT Biology (18 decks)

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