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MCAT Biology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Peptide hormones: polar or non polar?

A

Polar

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2
Q

How do peptide hormones regulate organs?

A

Bind to extracellular receptors –> trigger transmission of a second messenger like cAMP, inositol triphosphate, and Ca

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3
Q

Hormones that have a rapid onset and are short-lived: peptide or steroid hormones?

A

Peptide

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4
Q

Hormones that have a slow onset and are long lasting: peptide or steroid hormones?

A

Steroid

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5
Q

What are steroid hormones derived from?

A

Cholesterol

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6
Q

How do steroid hormones regulate organs?

A

Bind to intracellular or intranuclear receptors –> creates hormone-receptor complexes –> conformational change –> bind to DNA –> affect transcription of a particular gene

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7
Q

How do steroid hormones travel in the bloodstream?

A

With carriers

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8
Q

Are steroid hormones active in the bloodstream?

A

No

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9
Q

What can change the level of steroid hormones in the bloodstream? How?

A

Levels of carrier proteins –> the more carriers, the less active hormones!!

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10
Q

What is the thyroxine bloodstream carrier? What hormones regulate its levels in bloodstream? What does this mean for pregnant women?

A

TBG
Estrogen and progesterone
Must secrete more thyroxine

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11
Q

What are two examples of amino acid derivative hormones?

A

norepi and epi

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12
Q

Difference between direct and tropic hormones?

A

Direct –> direct effects on non endocrine organs

Tropic –> direct effects on endocrine organs

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13
Q

What is a paracrine signal?

A

Signal acts on cells in the local area

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14
Q

What is an autocrine signal?

A

Signal acts on the same cell that secreted the signal

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15
Q

What is a juxtacrine signal?

A

Signal acts on the adjacent cell (no diffusion)

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16
Q

What is an endocrine signal?

A

Signal acts on a distant target tissue

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17
Q

What are the five hormones released by the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary? Roles?

A 
GnRH: increase FSH and LH
GHRH: increase growth hormone
TRH: increase TSH
Corticotropin RH: increase ACTH
Prolactin inhibiting factor = dopamine: decrease prolactin
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18
Q

What happens if there is a tumor in the anterior pituitary that stimulates the release of PIF?

A

Too much prolactin will be secreted by anterior pituitary

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19
Q

What are the two hormones released by the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin: stimulates uterine contractions and mammary glands contraction / smooth muscle in ductus deferens and prostate glands
Antidiuretic (ADH): increase reabsorption of water in collecting duct –> increase blood volume and decrease blood osmolarity

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20
Q

Does oxytocin have a positive or negative feedback loop?

A

+

21
Q

What are the 7 hormones released by anterior pituitary? Tropic or direct? Role?

A 
Tropic = FLAT:
FSH: acts on gonads
LH: acts on gonads
ACTH: acts on adrenal cortex
TSH: acts on thyroid

Direct: PEG
Prolactin: acts on mammary glands: stimulates milk production
Endorphins: decrease pain perception
Growth hormone: promotes bone and muscle growth and prevents glucose uptake by other tissues so that the blood glucose concentration increases + promotes fatty acid breakdown

22
Q

What are the 3 hormones released by the thyroid? Role?

A 
T3/T4: increase metabolic rate
Calcitonin: decreases calcium blood concentration by:
- promoting Ca excretion in kidneys
- decreasing Ca absorption in gut
- promoting Ca storage in bone
23
Q

What can cause hypothyroidism? What are the symptoms ?

A

Cause: iodine deficiency or thyroid inflammation
Symptoms: lethargy, decrease in body temp, slowed respiration and heart rate, weight gain

24
Q

What can cause hyperthyroidism? What are the symptoms ?

A

Cause: tumor or overstimulation
Symptoms: increased activity level, increase body temp, increased respiration heart rate, weight loss

25
Q

What are the effects of hypothyroidism in children?

A

Cretinism and improper physiological development

26
Q

What types of cell release T3 and T4?

A

Follicular cells

27
Q

What types of cells release calcitonin?

A

parafollicular C-cells

28
Q

What is the 1 hormone released by the parathyroid? Role?

A

PTH: increases blood calcium concentration by:

  • decreasing Ca excretion in kidneys
  • increasing Ca absorption in gut
  • increasing bone resorption
29
Q

What is the effect of PTH on vitamin D? for what purpose?

A

It activates it –> necessary for Ca and phosphate absorption in gut

30
Q

Does PTH affect the blood phosphate concentration?

A

No

31
Q

What are the 3 classes of hormones released by the adrenal cortex?

A
  1. Glucocorticoids
  2. Mineral corticoids
  3. Cortisol sex hormones
32
Q

What are the 2 glucocorticoids? Role?

A

Cortisol and cortisone:

  • increase blood glucose
  • decrease protein synthesis
  • inhibit immune system
  • -> stress response
33
Q

What is the mineral corticoid released by the adrenal cortex? Role?

A

Aldosterone:
- increase water resorption by kidneys by increasing sodium resorption: increase blood volume, but no change in osmolarity

34
Q

What is aldosterone secretion regulated by?

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system:

  1. decrease blood pressure
  2. baroreceptors secrete renin
  3. angiotensinogen is activated to angiotensin I
  4. ACE converts it to angiotensin II
  5. Stimulates adrenal cortex
  6. Secretion of aldosterone
  7. Negative feedback loop
35
Q

What are the cortisol sex hormones? Role?

A

androgens and estrogen: can masculinize females genitalia

36
Q

What are the two hormones secreted by adrenal medulla? Role?

A

Epi and norepi: sympathetic NS response

37
Q

What are the 2 stress response? Which is fast/slow?

A
  1. Cortisol/cortisone: slow

2. epi/norepi: fast

38
Q

What are the 4 hormones that raise blood glucose levels?

A
  1. Glucagon
  2. Growth hormone
  3. Glucocorticoids
  4. Epi/norepi
39
Q

What are the other 4 organs that release hormones? Role?

A
  1. Stomach/intestine: secretin, gastrin (HCl secretion), cholecystokinin, ghrelin
  2. Kidneys: eryothropoietin: stimulates bone marrow to produce erythrocytes
  3. heart atria: ANP: promotes excretion of salt and water in response to high blood volume
  4. Thymus: thymosin: stimulates T-cell development
40
Q

What hormones promote hunger?

A

Glucagon, ghrelin, and orexin

41
Q

What hormones promote satiety?

A

Leptin and cholecystokinin (CCK)

42
Q

What cells produce insulin?

A

Beta cells

43
Q

What cells produce glucagon?

A

alpha cells

44
Q

What cells produce somatostatin?

A

delta cells

45
Q

How do hormones bind to receptors?

A

Hormonal controls are covalent through phosphorylation and dephosphorylation → they modify covalent bonds

46
Q

List the 5 steroid hormones

A

glucorticoids, mineral corticoids, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone.

47
Q

List the 4 amino-acid derivative hormones. What aa do they come from?

A

T3, T4, epi, norepi (all from tyrosine)

48
Q

Are steroid hormones stored within the cell? Why?

A

No, because they are nonpolar and would freely exit the cell and diffuse out

49
Q

What hormones promote thirst?

A

ADH and aldosterone

MCAT Biology (18 decks)

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