Last Minutes Gaps Flashcards
What Cs do the phosphate groups connect in DNA? Parallel and antiparallel?
Parallel: 3’ to 5’ C going down
Anti parallel: 5’ to 3’ C
Which enzyme unzips DNA?
DNA helicase
Why is it called semi conservative replication?
Because each new DNA molecule is made of 1 parent strand and 1 daughter strand
On what end of the DNA does DNA polymerase add nucleotides? What does this mean for the replication direction? What does this mean for the order in which the parent strand is being read?
The 3’ end
Synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction
Read in the 3’ to 5’ direction
What is an origin of replication?
A bubble where DNA polymerase is working
Which enzyme lays down a primer on the DNA to be replicated?
DNA primase
What is the leading strand? How many primers are needed?
The one in which synthesis is continous; only requires 1 primer
What is the lagging strand?
The one in which synthesis is not continuous; a primer is adding each time the fork is opened up a little more
What are Ogazaki fragments?
Fragments of daughter strand of the lagging strand
What happens to the primers after the daughter strands have been synthesized? Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes
They get removed by RNase in eukaryotes and by DNA polymerase I in prokaryotes
What enzyme connects the Ogazaki fragments?
DNA ligase
What are the 2 types of DNA polymerase and on which strand does each work?
DNA polymerase delta → leading strand
DNA polymerase alpha → lagging strand
What happens when you transfer antibodies from one species to the other?
They will be recognized as foreign and destroyed
What happens when you transfer antibodies from one individual to the other?
Could work if you make sure the alleles of a set of genes called human leukocyte antigens match
What enzyme is responsible for making sure that supercoiling does not happen to the DNA? 2 names
DNA gyrase = DNA topoisomerase
What does a nuclease do?
Cleaves the phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotide subunits of nucleic acids
How many strands of DNA are present after n rounds of replication?
2^n TIMES 2
How to find the percentage of original DNA molecules present after n rounds of replication?
(1/2)^n TIMES 100
How many MOLECULES of DNA are present after n rounds of replication?
2^n
What is the TATA box? Why is it named like this?
Promoter binding site for RNA polymerase II
Named for its high concentration of A and T
What is the role of transcription factors?
Help RNA polymerase find the TATA box
What is the difference between a primer and a promoter?
Primer is the first nucleotide sequence added to the parental strand during DNA replication (NOT REQUIRED IN RNA SYNTHESIS)
Promoter is a region of DNA indicating where transcription should start taking place (NOT REQUIRED IN DNA SYNTHESIS)
What is an operator site?
A nontranscribable region of DNA that is capable of binding a repressor protein in PROKARYOTES (and sometimes in eukaryotes)
What is the difference between an inducible and repressible system? What is another name for each?
Inducible system = positive control mechanism = usually has a repressor bound to operon
Repressible = negative control mechanism = usually DOES NOT have a repressor bound to operon
Which 2 nucleotide bases can have keto and enol forms?
T and G
How much genetic material do siblings share? 3 types
- Identical twins: 100%
- Full siblings: 50%
- Half-siblings: 25%
What is hydrostatic pressure due to?
The heart beat
What does osmotic pressure increase with?
The amount of dissolved substances in a solute
How is tryacylglycerol produced?
Molecule of glycerol that has been esterified with 3 fatty acids.
What is the difference between a phospholipid and a tryacylglycerol?
A phospholipid has a phosphate ester head group instead of one of the fatty acid esters.
