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MCAT Biology > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

3 types of granulocytes?

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
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2
Q

3 types of agrunolocytes?

A
  1. B-cells
  2. T-cells
  3. Macrophages
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3
Q

Where are B-cells activated by antigens? 2 places

A
  1. Lymph nodes

2. Spleen

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4
Q

What are macrophages called in the CNS?

A

Microglia

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5
Q

What are macrophages called in the skin? 2 names

A

Langherhans cells = dendritic cells

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6
Q

What are macrophages called in bone?

A

Osteoclasts

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7
Q

What is defensis?

A

Antibacterial enzyme on the skin

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8
Q

What is lysozyme?

A

Antimicrobiaal enzyme in tears and saliva

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9
Q

What are complements?

A

Proteins that create holes in bacteria

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10
Q

What are the two pathways to activate complements?

A
  1. Classical: binding of antibody to pathogen

2. Alternative: does not require antibodies

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11
Q

What are interferons?

A

proteins that prevent viral replication and dispersion

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12
Q

Which type of immune cells are responsible for flu-like symptons?

A

Interferons

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13
Q

What cells present MHC I molecules?

A

All nucleated cells

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14
Q

What are the two roles of macrophages?

A
  1. Ingest pathogens and present them on MHC molecules

2. Release cytokines (recruit other immune cells)

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15
Q

What is the difference between MHC I and MHC II molecules?

A

MHC I: present endogenous pathogens: viruses

MHC II: present exogenous pathogens brought in by endocytosis

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16
Q

By what cells are NK cells activated?

A

Cells that do not present MHC molecules

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17
Q

What are neutrophils activated by?

A

bacteria

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18
Q

What does it mean for a bacteria to be opsonized?

A

It has been tagged with an antibody

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19
Q

What are basophils and mast cells activated by?

A

Allergens

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20
Q

What is the role of basophils and mast cells?

A

Inflammatory response

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21
Q

What size and color granules do basophils have?

A

Large purple

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22
Q

What color granules do Eosinophils have?

A

Bright red-orange

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23
Q

What happens during inflammation?

A

Vasodilation and increased leakiness in blood vessels allowing additional immune cells to come into the tissue

24
Q

What is the role of neutrophils?

A

Phagocytosis of bacteria

25
Q

What is pus made of?

A

Dead neutrophils

26
Q

What are the 4 types of cells that present antigens on MHC II?

A
  1. Macrophages
  2. Skin dendritic cells
  3. B-cells
  4. Epithelial cells
27
Q

What is the role of eosinophils?

A

main response against parasites

28
Q

What types of immune cells have pattern recognition receptors (PPRs)?

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells

29
Q

What is the role of PPRs?

A

they recognize the type of invaders and release specific cytokines

30
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

Production of antibodies by B-cells

31
Q

What are heavy and light chains connected by in antibodies?

A

Disulfide links

32
Q

What region of the antibody is recognized by NK cells, macrophages, and eosiniphils?

A

The constant region

33
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

high and exclusive specificity between antigens and antibodies as a result of hypermutation

34
Q

What is isotype switching?

A

the switching of which isotype the antibody is (5 types) depending on which cytokines are released

35
Q

How many types of antibody isotypes can a B-cell make?

A

1

36
Q

What are the 3 possible responses after an antigen binds to an antibody in the blood?

A
  1. Opsonization: marked for destruction
  2. Agglutination and phagocytosis
  3. Neutralization
37
Q

What are the 2 possible responses after an antigen binds to an antibody on the surface of a cell?

A
  1. Degranulation = histamine release

2. Immune cell activation

38
Q

What is cell-mediated immunity? What is another name for it?

A

T-cell function

Cytotoxic

39
Q

What is positive selection of T-cells?

A

Selection of T-cells that can react to an antigen presented on an MHC in the thymus

40
Q

What is negative selection of T-cells?

A

Apoptosis of self-reactive T-cells in the thymus or transforms them into suppressor T-cells

41
Q

What is the role of helper T-cells? What is another name for them?

A

respond to antigens on MHC II and secrete lymphokines to recruit other immune cells
CD4+

42
Q

What is the role of cytotoxic T-cells? What is another name for them?

A

respond to antigens on MHC I and kill the infected cells

CD8+

43
Q

What immune cells are missing in HIV infection?

A

Helper T-cells

44
Q

What are the 2 types of helper T-cells? What is the role of each?

A
  1. Th1: activates macrophages

2. Th2: activates B-cells

45
Q

What is the role of suppressor T-cells? What is another name for them?

A

Tone down the immune response after infection and promote self-tolerance

46
Q

What hormones are used against autoimmune diseases?

A

Glucocorticoids

47
Q

Where are the germinal centers?

A

In lymph nodes

48
Q

What is an edema due to?

A

Swelling due to fluid collection in tissues when the lymphatic system is not there to help (overwhelmed)

49
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

B-cells that produce antibodies

50
Q

What does specific immunity refer to?

A

B-cells and T-cells

51
Q

In hematopoiesis, what is the common stem cell of B and T cells? What is another immune cell made from this same cell?

A

Lymphoid stem cell

NK

52
Q

What are the 6 cell types with myeloid stem cells as precursors?

A
  1. Monocytes
  2. Neutrophils
  3. Basophils
  4. Eosinophils
  5. Platelets
  6. Erythrocytes
53
Q

What is the cell precursor of the dendritic cells? What other cells share this precursor?

A

Monocytes

Macrophages

54
Q

What is meant by white blood cell? What is another name for these?

A

ALL immune cells

Leukocytes

55
Q

What are the 2 functions of interleukins?

A
  1. Direct the proliferation and maturation of T-cells and B-cells
  2. Activate NK, macrophages, and B-cells
56
Q

What is the main antibody isotype against allergens?

A

IgE

MCAT Biology (18 decks)

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