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Anatomy and Physiology > The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

Delivers gases nutrients and hormones to the cells and tissues. Removes waste products.

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2
Q

What makes up the cardiovascular system?

A

Blood, the circulatory system and the heart.

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3
Q

What is the role of blood in the cardiovascular system?

A

Suspends substances to be carried around the body

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4
Q

What is the role of the circulatory system in the cardiovascular system?

A

Carries the blood to and from the cells and tissues.

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5
Q

What is the role of the heart in the cardiovascular system?

A

Acts as a pump to circulate the blood.

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6
Q

Which vessels carry blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries

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7
Q

Which vessels return blood to the heart?

A

Veins

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8
Q

How are arteries and veins connected?

A

Capillaries

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9
Q

What is the role of capillaries

A

Site of gas/nutrient exchange

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10
Q

How do you count the arterial pulse?

A

Pressing a superficial artery against a bone. Pulse sites: Carotid, radial, ulna, facial, temporal, dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial.

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11
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery carry blood from and to?

A

From the heart to the lungs

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12
Q

Where does the pulmonary vein carry blood from and to?

A

From the lungs to the heart

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13
Q

What are the 3 layers that make up blood vessels?

A

Tunica intima (endothelium), tunica media (muscle layer) and tunica externa (adventia – connective tissue).

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14
Q

In comparison to veins, do arteries have thinner or thicker walls?

A

Thicker

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15
Q

In comparison to veins, do arteries have a smaller or larger lumen?

A

Smaller – because arteries have thicker walls.

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16
Q

Of arteries and veins, which have valves?

A

Veins

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of arteries?

A

Elastic (conducting), muscular (distributing) and arterioles (resistance vessels)

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18
Q

There are 3 types of capillaries, what are they?

A

Continuous, fenestrated and sinusoids

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19
Q

What connects arterioles with venules?

A

Metarterioles

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20
Q

What do precapillary sphincters do and where are they located?

A

They control the flow to individual capillary beds. They are located at the opening of each capillary.

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21
Q

What is the role of venules?

A

Collecting blood from capillary beds and delivering it to small veins

22
Q

What makes up the lymphatic system?

A

Network of lymph vessels, lymph and lymphatic tissues and organs

23
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Involved in the bodys defence mechanism and provides a mechanism for the drainage of interstitial fluid.

24
Q

At what end of the capillary does fluid move into the interstitial space?

A

The arterial end

25
Q

At what end of the capillary does fluid move back into the capillary?

A

The venous end

26
Q

Approximately what percentage of fluid is left in the interstitial space?

A

15%

27
Q

How is the excess fluid in the interstitial space returned to the blood?

A

Via the lymph vessels in the lymphatic system

28
Q

What happens when the excess fluid in the interstitial space is not drained?

A

Oedema

29
Q

29- The right lymphatic duct drains the right side of the head, thorax and right upper limb via:

A

The right lymphatic duct to the right subclavian vein.

30
Q

30- The thoracic duct drains the left side of the body and the bottom right side of the body via:

A

The thoracic duct to the left subclavian vein.

31
Q

Where is the heart located?

The thorax between the lungs.

A

Between the 2nd and 5th ribs with the apex of the heart slightly to the left.

32
Q

How is the heart protected?

A

By the ribs and the body of the sternum

33
Q

The pericardium consists of:

A

Fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium

34
Q

What does fibrous pericardium do?

A

Prevents the heart overfilling

35
Q

What does serous pericardium do?

A

Has serous fluid to prevents friction of the heart.

36
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

A

Endocardium (inner), myocardium (muscle) and epicardium (outer)

37
Q

Where are the pectinate muscles found in the heart?

A

In the right atrium

38
Q

When are the atrioventricular valves open?

A

When the blood is flowing from the atria to the ventricles

39
Q

The atrioventricular valves are anchored to papillary muscles to prevent eversion of the valves during ventricular contraction by what?

A

Chordae tendinae

40
Q

What is the role of valves in the heart?

A

Prevent backflow of blood

41
Q

When are the semilunar valves open?

A

When the blood is being pumped out of the ventricles to prevent backflow into the ventricles.

42
Q

What do coronary angiograms do?

A

Determine whether there is a blockage in the coronary arteries

43
Q

The conducting system of the heart consists of:

A

The sinoatrial node, the atrioventricular node, the bundle of his, right and left bundle branches and the purkinjie fibres.

44
Q

What does an electrocardiogram do?

A

Records the spread of electrical activity through the heart muscle.

45
Q

On an electrocardiogram what does the P wave represent?

A

Depolarisation of the atria

46
Q

On an electrocardiogram what does the QRS complex represent?

A

Depolarisation of the ventricles

47
Q

On an electrocardiogram what does the T wave represent?

A

Repolarisation of the ventricles

48
Q

How does foetal circulation differ to adult circulation?

A

Oxygen and nutrients are received from placenta via umbilical cord. Blood bypasses non-functional lungs and liver.

49
Q

After birth what happens to the pressure in the left side of the heart?

A

It rises

50
Q

After birth what happens to the pressure in the right side of the heart and pulmonary circulation?

A

It falls

Anatomy and Physiology (21 decks)

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