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Anatomy and Physiology > The Blood > Flashcards

The Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood in terms of tissue types?

A

Liquid connective tissue

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2
Q

What does blood transport?

A

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, nutrients, waste products and heat

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3
Q

One function of blood is protection. How?

A

Clotting, immunity/defence and inflammation

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4
Q

What does the blood regulate?

A

Fluid, pH, temperature and others including hormones

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5
Q

What are the properties of blood?

A

Viscosity (resistance to flow) and osmolality (concentration)

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6
Q

On average how many litres of blood do adults have?

A

4-6L

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7
Q

What does centrifuging do?

A

Separates cells from plasma.

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8
Q

What is the haematocrit?

A

The percentage of total volume of blood made up of cells

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9
Q

What are the normal haematocrit values for males and females?

A

Females 37-47% and Males 40-54%

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10
Q

What are the contents of blood plasma?

A

Nutrients, gases, electrolytes, hormones, plasma proteins, waste products.

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11
Q

What are some of the plasma proteins?

A

Albumin (the most abundant), Fibrinogen, clotting factors and globulins.

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12
Q

Where is albumin produced?

A

The liver

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13
Q

Where is fibrinogen and clotting factors produced?

A

The liver

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14
Q

Where are globulins produced?

A

Plasma cells

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15
Q

What is the other name for red blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes

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16
Q

What is the role of erythrocytes?

A

Gas transport (oxygen and carbon dioxide)

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17
Q

Why are erythrocytes disc shaped?

A

To increase surface area: volume ratio

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18
Q

Do erythrocytes have a nucleus and organelles?

A

No

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19
Q

What is the average life span of an erythrocyte?

A

120 days

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20
Q

What enzyme is inside erythrocytes?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

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21
Q

What does carbonic anhydrase do?

A

Produces carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water

22
Q

How many haem groups/protein chains are there a haemoglobin?

A

4

23
Q

Each globin chain of haemoglobin contains haem with Fe2+ to…

A

Bind oxygen

24
Q

How does foetal haemoglobin differ from adult haemoglobin in terms of affinity for oxygen?

A

The foetal haemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen

25
Q

What are the normal ranges for red cell count for both men and women?

A

3.8-5.8 for women and 4.5-6.6 for men

26
Q

What is erythrocyte sedimentation rate?

A

The time it takes for RBC’s to settle.

27
Q

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate is increased by…

A

Cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, kidney disease and severe/chronic infection

28
Q

What is the other name for white blood cells?

A

Leukocytes

29
Q

There are two types of leukocytes (WBC’s), what are they?

A

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

30
Q

There are 3 types of granulocytes, what are they?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

31
Q

There are 2 types of Agranulocytes, what are they?

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

32
Q

When would neutrophils increase in number?

A

During bacterial infections e.g. appendicitis and haemorrhage – phagocytosis

33
Q

When would eosinophils increase in number?

A

During parasitic infections or allergies such as asthma, hayfever, tapeworm and hook worm infections

34
Q

When would basophils increase in number?

A

During chickenpox, sinusitis, diabetes and haemolytic anaemia.

35
Q

When would lymphocytes increase in number?

A

During infections and immune responses to destroy foreign cells and virally infected cells

36
Q

When would monocytes increase in number?

A

Malaria and typhoid

37
Q

What do monocytes become?

A

Tissue macrophages

38
Q

The increase of white blood cells is known as…

A

Leukocytosis

39
Q

Name the functions of platelets

A

Secrete clotting factors, factors for endothelial repair and vasoconstrictors. Form temporary platelet plugs. Dissolve old blood clots. Attract WBC’s to sites of inflammation.

40
Q

Which tissues can produce blood cells after birth?

A

Red bone marrow and lymphoid tissue

41
Q

Which hormone stimulates red cell production? Where is it made?

A

Erythropoietin from the kidney.

42
Q

Which cell types give rise to all cell types?

A

Stem cells

43
Q

How long is the development of an erythrocyte?

A

3-5 days

44
Q

What are reticulocytes?

A

Young red cells

45
Q

What do macrophages in the spleen and liver do?

A

Digest cell components. Convert haem to bilirubin which becomes bile product in faeces.

46
Q

Describe the negative feedback cycle of erythrocyte homeostasis.

A

Drop in RBC count leads to hypoxemia to kidneys which increases production of erythropoietin to stimulate bone marrow to increase RBC count in 3-5 days.

47
Q

What can cause hypoxia?

A

Lung disease, smoking, high altitude, increase in exercise and bleeding.

48
Q

What substances do we need for red blood cell production?

A

Iron, B12 and folic acid.

49
Q

Where is iron stored in the body?

A

Liver

50
Q

What is anaemia?

A

Problems with RBC’s or haemoglobin

51
Q

What can cause anaemia?

A

Decrease RBC production or haemoglobin synthesis, inadequate nutrition, loss of blood, RBC destruction or something is wrong with the cells e.g. sickle cell.

Anatomy and Physiology (21 decks)

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