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Anatomy and Physiology > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A group of nerve cell bodies in the PNS

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2
Q

What is the hindbrain?

A

Important gateway of nerves between the spinal cord and cortex

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3
Q

What are the three neural outputs of the CNS?

A

Somatic motor, sympathetic and parasympathetic

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4
Q

When is the sympathetic division most active?

A

During exercise/stress

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5
Q

The sympathetic nervous system has what kind of responses?

A

Fight or flight

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6
Q

Name some of the flight or fight responses

A

Increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, increased blood flow to muscles, increased blood sugar levels, inhibition of GI peristalsis, relaxed airways, pupil dilation and orgasm.

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7
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system has what kind of responses?

A

Rest and digest

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8
Q

Name some of the rest and digest responses

A

Decreased heart rate, Increased GI motility, bronchial constriction, pupil constriction and gastric acid secretion.

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9
Q

In terms of energy what happens in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Energy is used by various activities

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10
Q

In terms of energy what happens in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Energy is conserved

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11
Q

During action potential have happens to the voltage/membrane potential of the inside of the neurone?

A

It becomes more positive

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12
Q

Which ions move into the cell during an action potential?

A

Sodium

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13
Q

Receptors in target tissue of the SNS detect and respond to which neurotransmitter?

A

Noradrenaline

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14
Q

Receptors in target tissue of the PNS detect and respond to which neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine

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15
Q

Which neurotransmitter is used in all preganglionic neurons?

A

Acetylcholine

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16
Q

Nicotine can stimulate which agonist receptors?

A

Acetylcholine receptors

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17
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors found?

A

CNS, ANS ganglia and the neuromuscular junction

18
Q

What are the two classes of acetylcholine receptors?

A

Nicotinic and muscarinic

19
Q

What are the locations of muscarinic receptors?

A

Target tissues of the parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

20
Q

Muscarinic receptors are blocked by…

A

Atropine

21
Q

Nicotinic receptors are blocked by…

A

Curare

22
Q

What is atropine?

A

An alkaloid atropa belladonna

23
Q

What is the general organisation of the pathway of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Spinal cord -> ganglion with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors -> target tissue with adrenergic receptors

24
Q

The adrenal gland can be associated with which nervous system?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

25
Q

Stress can cause hormones to be released from where?

A

The brain and the adrenal cortex

26
Q

Cortisol is released by what?

A

The adrenal cortex

27
Q

Cocaine is a stimulant drug that enhances sympathetic effects. How?

A

By prolonging the action of neurotransmitters like noradrenaline, serotonin and dopamine in the PNS and CNS

28
Q

Amphetamine is a psychostimulant. How does this work?

A

By prolonging the action of neurotransmitters like noradrenaline, serotonin and dopamine mainly in the CNS.

29
Q

What is the general organisation of the pathway of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Spinal cord -> ganglion with nicotinic acetyl choline receptors -> target tissue with muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

30
Q

The enteric division, also known as the ‘little brain’ is made up of 2 complex networks. What are they?

A

Myenteric plexus and submucous plexus

31
Q

What does the enteric division control?

A

Processes in food transport and digestion from mouth to anus

32
Q

What is/are the main neurotransmitter(s) in the sympathetic system?

A

Noradrenaline and acetylcholine

33
Q

What is/are the main neurotransmitter(s) in the parasympathetic system?

A

Acetylcholine

34
Q

Is the preganglionic neuron in the sympathetic NS long or short?

A

Short

35
Q

Is the preganglionic neuron in the parasympathetic NS long or short?

A

Long

36
Q

What is the location of the ganglia in the sympathetic NS?

A

Paravertebral

37
Q

What is the location of the ganglia in the parasympathetic NS?

A

Close to the effector

38
Q

What are the metabolic/physiological effects of the sympathetic NS?

A

Catabolic (fight/flight)

39
Q

What are the metabolic/physiological effects of the parasympathetic NS?

A

Anabolic (rest and digest)

40
Q

Name some autonomic nervous system problems

A

Orthostatic hypotension, inability to sweat/excess sweating, constipation and impotence.

41
Q

What are some of the causes of autonomic nervous system problems?

A

Diabetes, old age, drugs, autoimmune degradation of nerves, spinal injury and brain tumours.

Anatomy and Physiology (21 decks)

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