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Anatomy > The Brainstem > Flashcards

The Brainstem Flashcards

1
Q

What does the brainstem consist of?

A

Medulla oblongata + pons + midbrain

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2
Q

Axons that arise in the cerebral cortex and terminate in the brainstem.

A

Corticobulbar tract

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3
Q

Where does the brainstem lie?

A

Upon the basal portion of the occipital bone (clivus)

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4
Q

The brain stem nuclei receive from or send fibers to 10 pairs of cranial nerves that are attached to the surface of the brainstem.

A

CN (3 to 12)

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5
Q

Complex and heterogeneous matrix of neurons on the brainstem.

A

Reticular formation

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6
Q

What are the functions of the reticular formation?

A
  • control level of consciousness.
  • perception of pain.
  • regulation of cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
  • influence movement, posture and muscle tone.
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7
Q

On the dorsal surface of the medulla, the midline is marked by.

A

Dorsal median sulcus

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8
Q

The dorsal columns.

A

Located on the caudal part of the medulla

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9
Q

The dorsal columns consist of.

A
  • fasciculus gracilis.
  • fasciculus cuneatus.
    (they contains first order sensory neurons)
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10
Q

What is the closed portion of the medulla?

A

The caudal two-thirds of the medulla that contains the central canal

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11
Q

Where does the central canal of the spinal cord opens into the fourth ventricle?

A

In the rostral medulla (referred to as the open medulla)

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12
Q

The fourth ventricle is widest at.

A

At the level of the pontomedullary junction

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13
Q

What is foramen of Luschka?

A

Lateral aperture in the brainstem, provides a passage for the CSF within the fourth ventricle to reach the subarachnoid space

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14
Q

The superior and inferior cerebellar peduncles forms the ……… walls of the rostral part of the fourth ventricle.

A

The lateral walls

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15
Q

Four paired elevations at the dorsal aspect of the midbrain, which are parts of the visual and auditory systems.

A

The superior (visual) and inferior (auditory) colliculi.

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16
Q

Emerges immediately caudal to the inferior colliculus.

A

The trochlear nerve CN4

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17
Q

The pyramidal or corticospinal tracts cross over at the decussation of the pyramids to form.

A

The lateral corticospinal tract

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18
Q

Elongated elevation lies lateral to the pyramid.

A

The olive

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19
Q

The ventral part of the pons is dominated by transverse system of fibers.

A

The transverse pontine fibers / pontocerebellar fibers.

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20
Q

The pontocerebellar fibers originate from.

A

The pontine nuclei

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21
Q

How does the pontocerebellar fibers enters the cerebellar hemispheres?

A

By passing through the middle cerebellar peduncle.

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22
Q

Large column of descending fibers on either side of the ventral midbrain.

A

Crus cerebri

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23
Q

The two crura cerebri are separated in the midline by.

A

A depression called interpeduncular fossa

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24
Q

The crus cerebri is continuous rostrally with.

A

The internal capsule of the cerebral hemispheres

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25
Q

The crus cerebri consist of.

A

The corticobulbar and the corticospinal fibers

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26
Q

At the transition from spinal cord to medulla, the dorsal horn is replaced by the caudal part of the.

A

Trigeminal sensory nucleus

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27
Q

Regarded as the brainstem homologue of the dorsal horn, since it receives primary afferent fibers conveying general sensation from the head.

A

The trigeminal sensory nucleus

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28
Q

The majority of the fibers of the ……….. medulla decussate to form the lateral corticospinal tract.

A

The ventral medulla

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29
Q

The first order sensory neurons of the dorsal columns ascend ………. into the medulla.

A

Ipsilaterally

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30
Q

The axons of the second order neuron course ventrally and medially as internal arcuate fibers, …………. in the midline.

A

Decussating

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31
Q

The second order neuron of the dorsal columns ascend through the brainstem after decussating as.

A

The Medial lemniscus

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32
Q

The medial lemniscus terminate in.

A

The ventral posterior (VP) nucleus of the thalamus. (Which project the to the somatosensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus)

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33
Q

The dorsal columns carry impulses concerned with.

A

Proprioception and discriminative (fine) touch

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34
Q

Lesion of the dorsal columns leads to.

A

Loss of proprioception causes sensory ataxia ( high steppage + unsteady gait ). Exacerbated when the eyes are closed (Romberg’s sign)

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35
Q

Dorsolateral to the pyramid and lateral to the medial lemniscus.

A

The inferior olivary nucleus (within the prominence of the olive)

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36
Q

In the cerebellum, axons originating from the inferior olivary nucleus, known as climbing fiber, end in the excitatory synapses in.

A

The dentate nucleus and upon Purkinje cells of the cerebellar hemispheres

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37
Q

Forms part of the floor of the fourth ventricle.

A

The dorsal surface of the rostral medulla

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38
Q

Immediately beneath the floor of the fourth ventricle, just lateral to the midline.

A

Hypoglossal nucleus (motor innervation of muscles of the tongue)

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39
Q

Lies lateral to the hypoglossal nucleus.

A

The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (containing preganglionic parasympathetic neurons)

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40
Q

What is area postrema?

A

The most caudal aspect of the ventricular floor where the BBB is absent.

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41
Q

Central site of action of emetics.

A

The area postrema

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42
Q

Where does the vestibular nuclei are located?

A

In the lateral part of the floor of the fourth ventricle.

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43
Q

Ventromedial to the hypoglossal nucleus, close to the midline.

A

The medial longitudinal fasciculus

44
Q

It links the vestibular nuclei with the nuclei supplying the extraocular muscles.

A

The medial longitudinal fasciculus

45
Q

The dorsolateral part of the rostral medulla is dominated by the.

A

The inferior cerebellar peduncle or the restiform body

46
Q

Consist of fibers passing between the medulla and the cerebellum.

A

The inferior cerebellar peduncle (restiform body)

47
Q

Connections between the vestibular nuclei and the cerebellum.

A

Olivocerebellar fibers

48
Q

Conveying proprioceptive information from the lower limb.

A

Olivocerebellar + dorsal spinocerebellar tracts

49
Q

Where does the cochlear nuclei are located?

A

On the dorsal and lateral aspects of the inferior cerebellar peduncle

50
Q

Medial to the inferior cerebellar peduncle and ventral to the vestibular nuclei.

A

The nucleus solitarius

51
Q

Receives visceral afferent fibers entering the brainstem in the facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves.

A

The solitarius nucleus

52
Q

The nucleus ambiguus, which lie ventral to the nucleus solitarius, send motor fibers into.

A

The glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves and cranial roots of the accessory nerve.

53
Q

The pons is divided into.

A
  • ventral or basal (tectum).

- dorsal (tegmentum).

54
Q

The pontocerebellar fibers, that are oriented in the ventral part of the pons, pass into the ……………….. side of the cerebellum.

A

Contralateral

55
Q

What are the fibers that becomes separated from the pyramids by the intervening transverse pontocerebellar fibers?

A
  • medial lemniscus.
  • spinal lemniscus.
  • trigeminal lemniscus (trigeminothalamic tract).
56
Q

Marks the boundaries between the ventral and tegmental portion of the pons.

A

The medial lemniscus

57
Q

A group of transverse running fibers, located close to the ascending lemniscus fibers but dorsal to the pontocerebellar fibers.

A

The trapezoid body

58
Q

Consist of acoustic fibers crossing the brainstem from the cochlear nuclei.

A

Trapezoid body

59
Q

They ascend into the midbrain as the lateral lemniscus and terminate in the inferior colliculus.

A

The acoustic fibers of the trapezoid body

60
Q

What are the nuclei that lie in the pontine tegmentum?

A
  • abducens nucleus.
  • facial motor nucleus.
  • trigeminal sensory nucleus.
61
Q

The trigeminal sensory nucleus reaches its maximum extent in the pons, adjacent to the origin of the ……………….. nerve.

A

Trigeminal nerve

62
Q

What forms the lateral walls of the fourth ventricle in the rostral pons?

A

The superior cerebellar peduncle.

63
Q

What forms the roof of the fourth ventricle in the rostral pons?

A

The superior medullary velum

64
Q

A major site of noradrenergic neurons.

A

Locus coeruleus

65
Q

The midbrain is divided into dorsal and ventral portions at the level of.

A

The cerebral aqueduct

66
Q

The dorsal portion of the midbrain is known as.

A

The tectum

67
Q

The tectum is consist of.

A

Inferior and superior colliculi

68
Q

The ventral portion of the midbrain is known as.

A

The tegmentum

69
Q

Bounded ventrally by the massive fiber system of the crus cerebri.

A

The tegmentum

70
Q

Constitute part of the ascending acoustic (auditory) projection.

A

The inferior colliculus (caudal part of the midbrain)

71
Q

The ascending auditory fibers run in the ……………. , which terminate in the ………..

A

Runs in the lateral lemniscus, which terminate in the inferior colliculus

72
Q

Efferent fibers from the inferior colliculus terminate in the.

A

Medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus ( which in turn projects to the auditory cortex of the temporal lobe )

73
Q

The superior colliculus of the rostral midbrain is part of the…….. system.

A

Visual system

74
Q

What are the main afferent fibers of the superior colliculus?

A

Corticotectal fibers originating from the visual cortex and from the frontal eye feild

75
Q

What does the corticotectal fibers concerned with?

A
  • Controlling eye movements ( smooth pursuit + saccadic eye movements).
  • accommodation reflex.
76
Q

This nucleus has connections with nearby midbrain preganglionic parasympathetic neurons ( Edinger-westphal nucleus ) mediating pupillary light reflex.

A

Pretectal nucleus

77
Q

Ventral to the periaqueductal grey at the level of the superior colliculus lie the ………… nucleus.

A

The oculomotor nucleus

78
Q

Ventral to the periaqueductal grey at the level of the inferior colliculus lie the …………. nucleus.

A

The trochlear nucleus

79
Q

Near the oculomotor nucleus lies the …………….. nucleus.

A

The Edinger - westphal nucleus

80
Q

Links the oculomotor and the trochlear nuclei to the abducens nucleus (pons) and the vestibular nuclei (medulla).

A

The medial longitudinal fasciculus

81
Q

At the level of the inferior colliculus, the central portion of the tegmentum is dominated by.

A

The superior cerebellar peduncle (brachium conjunctivum)

82
Q

At which level does the superior cerebellar peduncle decussate?

A

Beneath the inferior colliculus

83
Q

At the level of the superior colliculus , the central portion of the tegmentum is occupied by.

A

The red nucleus (involved in motor control)

84
Q

The efferent fibers from the red nucleus cross in the ventral tegmental decussation and descend to the spinal cord in the …………….. tract.

A

The rubrospinal tract

85
Q

The most ventral part of the midbrain tegmentum is occupied by the.

A

Substantia nigra

86
Q

The substantia nigra consist of two nuclei.

A
  • The pars compacta.

- The pars reticulata.

87
Q

What is the function of the pars compacata?

A

They consist of melanin containing neurons, that synthesize dopamine.

88
Q

The neurons of the pars compacata project to the.

A

The striatum ( caudate nucleus + putamen ) of the basal ganglia.

89
Q

The neurons of the pars compacata extends dorsomedially into a region known as.

A

The ventral tegmental area

90
Q

The origin of the ascending mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway.

A

The ventral tegmental area (VTA)

91
Q

The non-pigmented subdivision of the substantia nigra.

A

The pars reticulata

92
Q

A functional homologue of the internal globus pallidus.

A

The pars reticulata

93
Q

Lies ventral to the substantia nigra.

A

The crus cerebri

94
Q

What are the fibers that constitute the crus cerebri?

A

Corticospinal - corticobulbar - corticopontine

95
Q

What is reticular formation?

A

Complex matrix of neurons that extends throughout the length of the brainstem.

96
Q

connects superior colliculus to lateral geniculate body.

A

The superior brachium

97
Q

connects inferior colliculus to medial geniculate body.

A

Inferior brachium

98
Q

Nerve at the level of the superior colliculus.

A

Oculomotor nerve

99
Q

Nerve at the level of the inferior colliculus.

A

Trochlear nerve

100
Q

Descending tracts originate from the medullary and pontine reticular formation and influence muscle tone and posture.

A

The reticulospinal tracts

101
Q

Ascending fibers of the reticular formation.

A

Reticular activating system (cholinergic)

102
Q

A series of midline nuclei that extend throughout the length of the brainstem (serotogenic ).

A

The raphé nuclei

103
Q

The raphé nuclei has ascending fibers to forebrain that are involved in.

A

Mood and cognitive function and in the neural mechanisms of sleep.

104
Q

A group of pigmented neurons that lies in the rostral pontine tegmentum.

A

The locus coeruleus

105
Q

The principal noradrenergic cell group of the brain.

A

The locus coeruleus

106
Q

What are the s and s of unilateral brainstem lesion ?

A
  • ipsilateral CN dysfunction.
  • ipsilateral incoordination.
  • contralateral spastic hemiparesis, hyperreflexia and +ve Babinski sign.
  • contralateral hemisensory loss

Anatomy (14 decks)

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