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Anatomy Of The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

A sheet of dura mater, lies in the sagittal plane between the two cerebral hemispheres.

A

The falx cerebri

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2
Q

Its free border lies above the corpus callosum.

A

The falx cerebri

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3
Q

Oriented horizontally, lying beneath the occipital lobes and above the cerebellum.

A

The tentorium cerebelli

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4
Q

Translucent, collagenous membrane envelopes the brain and spinal cord.

A

The arachnoid mater

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5
Q

A space in which the CSF circulates in.

A

The subarachnoid space

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6
Q

What is the blood supply of the brain?

A

Internal carotid + vertebral arteries

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7
Q

What is the blood supply of the spinal cord?

A

Vertebral arteries + Radicular arteries derived from the segmental vessels

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8
Q

What forms the circle of Willis?

A

Internal carotid + Vertebral arteries

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9
Q

One of the most significant arteries supplying the meninges.

A

The middle meningeal artery

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10
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves there are?

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves

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11
Q

At which level of the vertebral column does the spinal cord ends?

A

At the level of the intervertebral disc between L1 and L2

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12
Q

Which horn is the site of termination of many afferent neurons, conveying sensory impulses to the brain?

A

The dorsal horn

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13
Q

Contains motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles.

A

The ventral horn

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14
Q

Which horn contains preganglionic neurons belonging to the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

A

The lateral horn ( found only in thoracic and upper lumbar levels )

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15
Q

A patient complains of loss of sensation of the fine touch, in which tract is the lesion?

A

The dorsal columns

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16
Q

During a neurological examination of a patient, you noticed a loss of pain sensation. In which tract the lesion might be?

A

The spinothalamic tract

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17
Q

Which tract Carries information from muscle and joint receptors to the cerebellum?

A

The spinocerebellar tracts

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18
Q

Which tract controls skilled voluntary movements?

A

Lateral corticospinal tracts ( descending tracts )

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19
Q

The two cerebral hemispheres are incompletely separated by.

A

The great longitudinal fissure

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20
Q

Contains commissural fibers that unite corresponding regions of the two hemispheres.

A

The corpus callosum

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21
Q

Normally lies between the cerebellum and the occipital lobes.

A

The tentorium cerebelli

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22
Q

A depression on the dorsal surface of the medulla and pons, beneath the cerebellum.

A

The fourth ventricle

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23
Q

Formed by the convergence of the fourth ventricles’ walls.

A

The cerebral aqueduct

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24
Q

Formed from the aqueduct, at the junction of midbrain and forebrain.

A

The third ventricle

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25
Q

The lateral walls of this ventricle formed by the thalamus and the hypothalamus.

A

The third ventricle

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26
Q

What is the function of the inter-ventricular foramen ( foramen of Monro )?

A

Connecting the third ventricle to the lateral ventricle

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27
Q

What secretes the CSF in the ventricular system?

A

The choroid plexus

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28
Q

What does the brainstem consist of?

A

The medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain

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29
Q

Has centers that control breathing, circulation of blood and the level of consciousness.

A

The brainstem

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30
Q

What is the site of termination of sensory fibers and the origin of motor fibers that run in the cranial nerves?

A

The cranial nerve nuclei ( in the brainstem )

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31
Q

What attaches the cerebellum to the brainstem?

A

The inferior, middle and superior peduncles

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32
Q

What part of the brain concerned with coordination of movement and it operates at an entirely unconscious level?

A

The cerebellum

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33
Q

What does the forebrain consist of?

A

The diencephalon + The cerebral hemispheres

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34
Q

The two sides of the diencephalon are separated by.

A

The lumen of the third ventricle

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35
Q

What are the four main divisions of the diencephalon?

A

The epithalamus, thalamus, subthalamus and hypothalamus

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36
Q

Where does the pineal gland located on?

A

On the epithalamus

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37
Q

What is the largest part of the diencephalon?

A

The thalamus

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38
Q

Forms much of the lateral wall of the third ventricle.

A

The thalamus

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39
Q

Forms the lower part of the walls and the floor of the third ventricle.

A

The hypothalamus

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40
Q

A continuous furrow running over the entire lateral surface of the hemisphere, from the great longitudinal fissure to the lateral fissure.

A

The central sulcus

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41
Q

A sulcus which runs parallel to the upper margin of the corpus callosum.

A

The cingulate sulcus

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42
Q

What is the importance of the precentral gyrus?

A

It contains the primary motor cortex

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43
Q

What the highest level in the brain for the control of movement?

A

The primary motor cortex

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44
Q

Lies in the post-central gyrus.

A

The primary somatosensory cortex

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45
Q

Carrying the modalities of touch, pressure, pain and temperature.

A

The primary somatosensory cortex

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46
Q

Where does the visual cortex located on?

A

On the calcarine sulcus

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47
Q

Where does the auditory cortex located on?

A

The superior temporal gyrus

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48
Q

What does the limbic lobe consist of?

A

The cingulate gyrus, hippocampal formation and amygdala

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49
Q

What is the function of the limbic lobe?

A

Has complex structures concerned with emotional aspects of behavior and with memory

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50
Q

What does the corpus striatum consist of?

A

The caudate nucleus, the putamen and the globus pallidus

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51
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

Masses of grey matter, lie deep in the hemispheres on the medial and lateral side of the internal capsule.

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52
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

Control of muscle tone, posture and movement

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53
Q

Part of the corpus striatum, lies in the wall of the lateral ventricle.

A

The caudate nucleus

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54
Q

Where does the cell body located in the first order neuron?

A

Dorsal root a of spinal nerve or in the trigeminal ganglion

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55
Q

Where does the cell body of the second order neuron located?

A

In the spinal cord or brainstem

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56
Q

Where does the axons of the second order neuron terminate?

A

In the thalamus

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57
Q

Where does the cell body of the third order neuron located?

A

In the thalamus

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58
Q

Its axons projects to the somatosensory cortex.

A

The third order neuron

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59
Q

The motor neurons that directly innervate skeletal muscles, and have cell bodies in the grey matter of the spinal cord.

A

The lower motor neurons

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60
Q

Neurons that control the activity of lower motor neurons.

A

The upper motor neurons

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61
Q

A motor pathway controls the activity of motor neurons located in cranial nerve nuclei.

A

The corticobulbar or corticonuclear fibers

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62
Q

This motor pathway innervate the skeletal muscles of the head and neck.

A

The corticobulbar or corticonuclear

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63
Q

This motor pathway innervates the muscles of the trunk and limbs.

A

The corticospinal fibers.

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64
Q

Forms a ridge on the ventral surface of the medulla.

A

The corticospinal fibers

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65
Q

Known as the pyramidal tract.

A

The corticospinal tract

66
Q

Extrapyramidal tracts.

A

Vestibulospinal - reticulospinal tracts - basal ganglia

67
Q

Which tracts Control muscle tone and posture of the body?

A

Vestibulospinal + reticulospinal tracts

68
Q

From where does the cerebellum receives afferent fibers?

A

The spinocerebellar tracts - the vestibular system - the motor cortex

69
Q

Lesion of the dorsal columns of the spinal cord.

A

Ipsilateral loss of touch/proprioception below the level of the lesion

70
Q

Lesion of the spinothalamic tract.

A

Contralateral loss of pain/temperature below the level of the lesion

71
Q

What do you expect in a patient with unilateral lesion of the thoracic spinal cord.

A

1- ipsilateral loss of touch sensation and and proprioception.
2- contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in the trunk and lower limbs.

72
Q

A patient with ipsilateral loss of touch sensation and proprioception on the right leg, and contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation on the other leg, he also has hyper-reflexia in the right leg. What can be the diagnosis?

A

Brown Sequard syndrome ( unilateral lesion of the thoracic spinal cord )

73
Q

What do you expect with a patient with a lesion in the brainstem of the medial lemniscus?

A

Loss of touch sensation

74
Q

Lesion of the trigeminothalamic tract.

A

Loss of pain and temperature sensation in the face

75
Q

What is the difference between the corticobulbar and the corticospinal tracts?

A

The corticobulbar tract: innervate skeletal muscles of the head and the neck.
The corticospinal tract: innervate skeletal muscles of the trunk and limbs

76
Q

A patient comes with loss of digits movement,breakdown in movement of extensions, abduction of the upper limbs and flexion of the lower limbs.

A

Pyramidal weakness ( UMNL )

77
Q

What are the characteristics of LMN syndromes?

A
  • Paresis.
  • Plegia.
  • Wasting of muscles.
  • Fasciculation.
  • Hypotonia.
  • Hyporeflexia or areflexia.
78
Q

What are the characteristics of UMN syndromes?

A
  • Pyramidal weakness.
  • No wasting of muscles.
  • Hyperreflexia.
  • Spasticity.
  • Positive Babinski response.
  • Absent abdominal reflexes.
79
Q

What is Clasp-knife response ( characteristic of UMN lesion )?

A

Increase of tone at the initial stretch of the limb muscle followed by relaxation of tone.

80
Q

Unilateral lesion in the cerebral hemisphere or brainstem result in.

A

Contralateral paralysis of the limbs

81
Q

Cerebellar syndrome signs and symptoms.

A

Nystagmus - dysarthria - intention tremor - ataxia.

82
Q

What is Romberg’s sign?

A

Loss of balance when the patient closes his eyes due to sensory ataxia

83
Q

Unilateral lesion of these nerve fibers lead to contralateral motor disorder.

A

Unilateral lesion of the basal ganglia

84
Q

What are the characteristics of Parkinson’s disease?

A
  • Akinesia or bradykinesia.
  • Festinant gait and sudden stops.
  • Flexed posture.
  • Absence of arm-swinging when walking.
  • Laking facial expressions.
85
Q

Postural tremor.

A

Fast and present while maintaining posture.

86
Q

Resting tremor.

A

Slow and present at rest

87
Q

What type of tremors occur in Parkinson’s disease?

A

Resting tremor

88
Q

What type of tremors occur in thyrotoxicosis?

A

Postural tremor

89
Q

Increase in muscular tone that manifest resistance to passive movement throughout the extent of the movement.

A

The rigidity

90
Q

What is the difference between rigidity and spasticity?

A

Rigidity: increased muscle tone along the entire movement.
Spasticity: increased muscle tone at the initiation of the movement then relaxation occur.

91
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of basal ganglia disorders?

A
  • Akynesia or bradykinesia.
  • Rigidity.
  • Dyskinesia, tremor, dystonia.
    “ affect the contralateral side of the lesion “
92
Q

A basal ganglia sign that can be seen in Huntington’s disease.

93
Q

What is the largest part of the hindbrain?

A

The cerebellum

94
Q

The functions of this part of the hindbrain are entirely motor and it operates at an unconscious level.

A

The cerebellum

95
Q

Controls balance, posture, muscle tone and coordination of movements.

A

The cerebellum

96
Q

The cerebellum consist of two hemispheres connected laterally by.

A

The vermis

97
Q

What are the layers of the cerebellar cortex?

A

Outer - Molecular layer.
Intermediate - Purkinje cell layer.
Inner - Granular layer.

98
Q

The afferent fibers entering the cerebellum proceeds to the cortex as.

A

Mossy fibers or climbing fibers

99
Q

All the afferent fibers originating elsewhere than the inferior olivary nucleus end as.

A

Mossy fibers

100
Q

Branch in the cerebellum to supply several folia and end in the granular layer.

A

The mossy fibers

101
Q

The only axons that leave the cerebellar cortex.

A

The axons of Purkinje cells

102
Q

Form where does the climbing fibers originate from?

A

Originate from the inferior olivary nucleus of the medulla

103
Q

Provides discrete excitatory input to Purkinje cells

A

The climbing fibers

104
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of the Purkinje cells?

A

GABA “inhibition of cells in the cerebellar nuclei

105
Q

What are the four cerebellar nuclei?

A
  • Fastigial nucleus.
  • Globose nucleus.
  • Emboliform nucleus.
  • Dentate nucleus.
106
Q

What is the largest cerebellar nucleus?

A

The dentate nucleus

107
Q

From where does the dentate nucleus receive afferent fibers?

A

The inferior olivary nucleus

108
Q

Constitutes the primary source of efferent fibers form the cerebellum to other parts of the brain.

A

The cerebellar nuclei

109
Q

What are the principal destinations of the efferent fibers of the cerebellar nuclei?

A
  • Reticular and vestibular nuclei of the medulla and pons.
  • Red nucleus of the midbrain.
  • Ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus.
110
Q

Midline lesion of the cerebellum leads to.

A

Loss of postural control ( despite preserved coordination of the limbs )

111
Q

What can be result from a unilateral lesion of the cerebellar hemispheres?

A

Symptoms and signs of the same side

112
Q

What can be result from a unilateral cerebellar hemispheric lesion?

A

Ipsilateral incoordination of the arm ( intention tremor ) and of the leg, causing unsteady gait

113
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a bilateral dysfunction of the cerebellum? ( in alcohol intoxication, hypothyroidism, MS, paraneoplastic disease )

A

Dysarthria - Cerebral ataxia

114
Q

A very common feature of multiple sclerosis.

115
Q

What is “Charcot’s triad“ ?

A

The combination of nystagmus + dysarthria + intention tremor.
( indicates MS )

116
Q

What is the largest part of the three basic embryological divisions of the brain?

A

The forebrain

117
Q

Part of the forebrain, lies between the brainstem and the cerebral hemispheres.

A

The diencephalon

118
Q

What does the diencephalon consist of?

A

Epithalamus - Thalamus - Subthalamus - Hypothalamus

119
Q

A small elevation caudal to the optic chiasm.

A

The tuber cinereum

120
Q

From where does the infundibulum extends?

A

From the apex of the tuber cinereum

121
Q

What forms the lateral wall of the third ventricle?

A

The ventral part - the hypothalamus.

The dorsal part - the thalamus.

122
Q

Part of the diencephalon, lies immediately rostral to the superior colliculus of the midbrain.

A

The epithalamus

123
Q

What does the epithalamus consist of?

A

The pineal gland + Habenula

124
Q

Radiation of fibers between the internal capsule to the cortical surface.

A

The corona radiata

125
Q

A cortical area within the depths of the lateral fissure.

A

The insula

126
Q

Become continuous with the parahippocampal gyrus.

A

The cingulate gyrus

127
Q

Necessary for conscious awareness, thought, memory and intellect.

A

The cerebral cortex

128
Q

What are the major interhemispheric commissural fibers.

A

Corpus callosum - anterior commissure - hippocampal commissure

129
Q

Part of the corpus callosum, which contributes to visual functions.

A

The splenium

130
Q

Alexia without agraphia can result from.

A

Destruction of the splenium of the corpus callosum

131
Q

A commissural fibers that interconnect the inferior and middle temporal gyri and the olfactory regoins of the two sides.

A

The anterior commissure

132
Q

Transverse fibers linking the posterior columns of the fornix of each side.

A

The hippocampal commissure

133
Q

A projection fibers lies between the thalamus and the caudate nucleus medially and the lentiform nucleus laterally.

A

The intarnal capsule

134
Q

Which part of the internal capsule contains corticobulbar and corticospinal motor fibers?

A

The posterior limb of the internal capsule

135
Q

Consist of fibers arising from the medial and lateral geniculate nuclei of the thalamus that pass to the auditory and visual cortices.

A

The retrolenticular part

136
Q

The most rostral and ventral part of the corpus striatum.

A

The nucleus accumbens

137
Q

Provides an important link between the basal ganglia and the limbic system. “Through its close connection with the amygdala”

A

The nucleus accumbens

138
Q

Associated with reward, gratification and addictive aspects of behavior.

A

The nucleus accumbens

139
Q

Lentiform or lenticular nucleus.

A

Globus pallidus + putamen

140
Q

What does the medial surface of the lentiform nucleus lies against?

A

Lies against the genu of the internal capsule

141
Q

The striatum or neostriatum ( caudate nucleus + putamen )is almost separated by.

A

The anterior limb of the internal capsule

142
Q

What does the striatum consist of?

A

Caudate nucleus + putamen

143
Q

Lies lateral to the internal capsule and the globus pallidus.

A

The putamen

144
Q

What separates the putamen and the globus pallidus?

A

The lateral medullary lamina

145
Q

Separates the external capsule from the extreme capsule.

A

The claustrum

146
Q

Lies lateral to the extreme capsule.

A

The cortex of the insula

147
Q

What separates the head of the caudate from the putamen?

A

The internal capsule

148
Q

What separates the external and the internal segments of the globus pallidus?

A

The medial medullary lamina

149
Q

Efferent projections of the striatum are directed to.

A

The striatipallidal + striatonigral fibers

150
Q

From where does the pallidal afferents arise?

A

The striatum and the subthalamic nucleus

151
Q

The pallidal efferents projects to.

A

The subthalamus and thalamus

152
Q

Describe the pathways of the pallidothalamic fibers?

A

Ansa lenticularis- pass round the anterior margin of the internal capsule.
Lenticular fasciculus- pass through the internal capsule.
Thalamic fasciculus- enter the thalamus from its ventral aspect.

153
Q

Used for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.

154
Q

What is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of the pars compacta of the substantia nigra and depletion of striatal dopamine

155
Q

What is the 2nd treatment option for Parkinson’s disease?

A

1- neurosurgical lesion of the internal segment of the globus pallidus.
2- stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus through an implanted electrodes.

156
Q

What is the pathological hallmark of Huntington’s disease?

A

Progressive degeneration of the striatum and cerebral cortex.

157
Q

Between the two rostral limits of the two crura cerebri.

A

The mammillary bodies

158
Q

Largest inputs to the hypothalamus comes from.

A

The hippocampus + the amygdala.

159
Q

Concerned with baroreceptors and chemoreceptors.

A

The nucleus solitarius of the medulla

160
Q

What does the hippocampal formation consist of?

A

Hippocampus + dentate gyrus + parts of para hippocampal gyrus

161
Q

Formed by infolding of the inferomedial part of the temporal lobe into the lateral ventricle.

A

The hippocampus

162
Q

Lies between the hippocampus and the parahippocampus

A

The dentate gyrus

Anatomy (14 decks)

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