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Psychology > The Brain Lecture Notes > Flashcards

The Brain Lecture Notes Flashcards

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0
Q

Metabolites

A

Glucose and oxygen are considered these. They are substances necessary for a living organism to maintain life

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1
Q

Glucose

A

The brains fuel

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2
Q

Brain is divided into three major parts

A

The brainstem, cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres

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3
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Sits on top of the brainstem just below the thalamus. It controls body maintenance functions such as hunger, thirst, body temperature, sexual function and helps govern the endocrine system by the pituitary.

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4
Q

Cerebellum

A

Assess his sensory input and is responsible for coordinating movement and posture/balance

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5
Q

The cerebral hemispheres

A

Responsible for our cognitive abilities and conscious experience

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6
Q

Subcortical structures

A

Bring structures that lie beneath the cerebral cortex but above the brainstem such as the basal ganglia (motor movement and control), amygdala (a motion) and hippocampus (memory)

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7
Q

Amygdala

A

Strongly associated with basic survival emotions such as fear, anger and pleasure. It is also associated with memory

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8
Q

Hippocampus

A

Associated primarily with memory (forming, organizing and storing). It is also associated with learning and emotion

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9
Q

Gray matter

A

Composed of neuron cell bodies (the thinking part)

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10
Q

White matter

A

Composed of axons and neurons

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11
Q

Cerebrum

A

The cerebral cortex is the largest part of the brain and is known as a cerebrum. The cortex is a thin layer of interconnected neurons (gray matter) covering the cerebral hemispheres. Neural networks in the cortex enable thinking, perceiving and speaking. It is the brains ultimate control and information processing center

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12
Q

Gyri (gyrus)

A

The folds of the cortex

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13
Q

Sulci (sulcus)

A

The grooves of the cortex

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14
Q

The four lobes of the cortex

A

The frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe and occipital lobe

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15
Q

Neuroplasticity (brain plasticity)

A

The ability of the brain to recognize its self/change neural pathways in response to injury.

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16
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Vault in planning and organizing abilities. Also involved in making judgments and impulse control. It is also involved in speech production

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17
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Receives sensory input for touch and body position. Assist the frontal lobe/motor cortex to control motor movement

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18
Q

Motor cortex

A

At the rear of the frontal lobe. It controls voluntary movement

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19
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Receives and processes visual information

20
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Receives and processes auditory information. Contains the primary auditory cortex and is important in language comprehension. Also it is strongly associated with memory ability

21
Q

Corpus Collosum

A

The cerebral hemispheres are connected by a large band of neural fibers which carry messages in between them

22
Q

Left and right temporal lobe’s

A

The left temporal lobe is primarily responsible for language and verbal memory. The right temporal lobe is primarily responsible for processing nonverbal auditory input and nonverbal memory

23
Q

Contralateral

A

The functions of the cerebral hemispheres are said to be contralateral meaning the right hemisphere controls sensations and movement on the left side of the body

24
Q

Replicated

A

Some functions of the brain are replicated meeting they are controlled by both sides of the brain such a sensation and movement

25
Q

Lateralized

A

Other brain functions are mostly lateralized meeting they are controlled mostly by one side or the other

26
Q

Association areas

A

Cerebral cortex areas primarily involved in higher mental functions such as learning remembering and speaking

27
Q

Broca’s area

A

(An association area) located in the left frontal lobe. controls muscle movement involved in speech production (expression)

28
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

(An association area) located in the left temporal lobe. It controls language comprehension (reception)

29
Q

Aphasia

A

And impairment in language ability (expressive or receptive). It can also affect writing ability. Can because from brain injury or a degenerative disease

30
Q

Agnosia

A

It is an inability to recognize familiar sensory stimuli such as visual or auditory. It can result from brain damage or disease. It may also affect other senses and affect more than one sense at a time

31
Q

Expressive aphasia you

A

Problems producing language (Broca’s area)

32
Q

Receptive aphasia

A

Problems understanding/comprehending language (Wernicke’s area)

33
Q

Converging evidence

A

Defined as receiving similar findings from multiple studies using different methods

34
Q

Phrenology

A

One of the first attempts to study the functions of the brain. The study of correlating bombs and indentions on the skull to functions of the brain

35
Q

Dissection

A

A method used to study changes in the brain that occur in relation to various diseases or problems with functioning

36
Q

CAT, CT and MRI scans

A

Look for changes in brain tissue/structures and correlate this to certain changes in behaviors and abilities

37
Q

Difference between CT and MRI Scans

A

CT Uses computerized x-rays and MRIs use magnetic fields and radio waves

38
Q

Cross-sectional

A

Provides different views, slices or planes of the brain

39
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Vertical plane that runs front to back separating the brain into the left and right sides

40
Q

Coronal plane

A

Vertical plane that runs from head to foot separating the front side and the backside of the brain

41
Q

Horizontal plane (also called transverse or axial)

A

A plane that runs horizontally through a standing person. It separates the brain into top and bottom halves

42
Q

Lesions and ablation

A

Some researchers induce lesions (damage) or use ablation (removal) to parts of the brain for study purposes (only in animals)

43
Q

Pet scan

A

Positron emission tomograph. This technique most commonly used as a radioactive form of glucose and measures the rate at which it is used in the brain

44
Q

Functional MRI

A

It is a functional neuroimaging procedure using MR technology that measures brain activity by detecting associate changes and blood flow and oxygen concentration

45
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

Measures electrical activity of the brain. It looks it changes in brain waves

46
Q

Four types of brain waves

A

Beta, alpha, beta, and Delta

47
Q

Diffuse optical imaging (DOI)

A

A method of imaging using infrared light. Looks like changes in the properties of light as it passes through highly oxygenated blood as opposed to less oxygenated blood. Used to infer which brain areas are most active

48
Q

Limbic System

A

Associated with emotion and memory. Makes up the hippocampus and the amygdala

Psychology (11 decks)

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