Mental Illness Lecture Notes Flashcards
Psychological disorder
A cluster of psychological symptoms that cause significant impairment in social, occupational and other important areas of functioning
The four D’s
A guideline to what makes a behavior pattern abnormal
List of the four D’s
Deviants, dysfunctional, distressing and dangerous
DSM
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. It uses a multi axial diagnostic system containing five axes
Etiology
The underlying cause or origin of a phenomenon (such as mental illness)
Supernatural theory of mental illness
Also called demonology. Started in the ancient times and stone age. The treatment of mental illness consisted of various ways of driving out evil spirits (example exorcism torture whipping starving scalding and trephination)
Trephination
A procedure in which a hole was cut in a mentally ill person school to release evil spirits
Hippocrates
Often called the father of medicine. He thought mental illness was a brain disease caused by an in balance of humor’s which are fluids that flow through the body and influence mental and physical functioning (yellow bile, black bile, blood and phlegm)
Middle Ages (500-1350)
Demonology returns.
Renaissance (1400-1700)
Demonology started to decline and science made a comeback. Treatment of mental illness became more humane
Bedlam
Bethlehem hospital London 1546. Patients were kept bound in chains. It became a tourist attraction and people paid to see the chaos.
Moral treatment
An approach to treating mental illness that emphasized respectful treatment. 1800s
Phillipe Pinel
An early proponent of moral treatment in Europe.
Benjamin Rush
Considered to be the father of American psychiatry. He was most responsible for the spread of moral treatment in the US
Somatogenic theory
The theory that mental illness has physical (biological) causes. Biological treatments were used shortly thereafter such as ECT (electroconvulsive therapy), lobotomies, hydrotherapy, wrapping, insulin spikes ECT.
Deinstitutionalization
Started in the 1960s to have mentally ill people treated in the community
Community mental health model
Current model of treatment for mental illness. It had patients say hospitalized for 10-14 days or so.
Psychogenic perspective
Late 1800s. The theory that the main cause of mental illness is often psychological. The view had been around for a while. But it wasn’t tried out for years until hypnosis was introduced.
Hypnosis
Come from the Greek word Hypnos meaning sleep.
Franz Anton Mesmer
German physician who used hypnosis to treat psychological problems. His methods were called Mesmerism.
Josef Breuer
Austrian physician who reintroduced hypnosis to treat mental illness
Sigmund Freud
Austrian neurologist who studied with Breuer. His main type of physcho analysis was known as free association
Psychotherapy
Talk therapy and counseling. A technique in which a trained therapist treats mental illness using mostly verbal, cognitive, psych education and behavioral methods.
Psychotropic medication
Medications used to treat symptoms of mental illness.
ECT
Electroconvulsive therapy. It is mostly used today as severe treatment resistant depression. Sometimes used for bipolar disorder
Psycho surgery
A type of surgery where parts of the brain or removed or destroyed.
Anxiety
A state of excessive worry and or fear and nervousness
Depression
A mood state characterized by a low or depressed mood and other symptoms as fatigue and lack of motivation
Mania
A hyperactive state. Often characterized by a reduced need for sleep, pressured speech, excessive energy, impaired judgement etc.
Psychosis
Symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions and disorganized thought processes
Abnormal psychology
The branch of psychology focused on the study of psychological disorders
Delusions
Believes often of persecution or grandeur
Disorganized thought processes
Evidence by disorganize speech (example speech that is nonlinear, on organized, unrelated thoughts, off-topic or nonsensical)
Anxiety disorders
Generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder and phobias
Mood disorders
Major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder
Psychotic disorders
Schizophrenia and delusional disorder
Personality
Individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. Personality is relatively stable over the lifetime
Unconscious mind
Ording to Freud, the part of the minds that is beyond our conscious awareness. It is a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, and feelings and memories
Dream analysis
Freud called dreams “The world road to the unconscious”. He believes dreams represented a disguise form of our unconscious thoughts, fears, desires and feelings. He used dream analysis in his method of psychotherapy.
Freud’s model consists of three interacting systems
Id, ego and superego
Id
Stores unconscious energy. It tries to satisfy our basic drives to survive, reproduce and be aggressive. It operates on the pleasure principle, which means it seeks immediate gratification.
Ego
The executive part of the mind (logical and rational). It is mostly conscious and balances out the demands of the id and superego.
Superego
Develops after the ego. It is the conscience or morality part of the personality. It judges our actions and produces either feelings of pride or guilt/anxiety. It often conflicts with the id.
The 5 psychosexual stages
Oral stage, anal stage, phallic, latent and genital stage
Age for psychosexual stages
O: up to about 18 months, A: 3-6 years, P: 3-6 years, L: 6 to puberty, and G: puberty on.
Ego defense mechanisms
The ego uses these strafe dies to protect itself from too much anxiety (from the superego). It always involves a distortion of reality. They often disguise threatening impulses and prevent them from reaching consciousness m. All defense mechanisms are unconscious prepcesses
Repression
Is the basic defense system. And it supposedly underlies and enables other defense mechanisms.
Projection
Disguising our own threatening implies by projecting then onto others.
Displacement
Directing anger at a less threatening object
Rationalization
Using self serving explanations to justify bad behavior.
Reaction-formation
Acting overly scrupulous (overdoing it) to disguise your real desires.
Regression
Retreating to an earlier psychosexual stage when scared/stress
Freud was a pioneer in
The unconscious, early childhood experiences, the importance of human sexuality, defense mechanisms and distorting reality, invites psychotherapy, developed the first comprehensive theory of perks alien development.
Alfred Adler
Austrian physician and psychotherapist. Originally a follower of Freud. Invented the concept of the inferiority complex, which says that feelings of insecurity and inferiority can cause behavior problems.
Positive psychology
A movement that began in the late 1990s
Martin seligman
American psychologist who focus on persons’ strengths instead of weaknesses.
