Memory Lecture Notes Flashcards
The three basic processes necessary to remembering events
Encoding, storage and retrieval
Memory
Ability to store and access information over time
Information processing model of memory (the three stages) (Richard Atkinson and Richard shiffrin)
We first record information as a sensory memory, which is an immediate and very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. We then and process information into short-term memory where we encode it three were Hursel. Short-term memory is activated memory that holds a few items briefly (a few seconds). It is similar to ram in a computer. The frontal lobe is important in this process. Information then moves into long-term memory for later retrieval. long-term memory is a relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. The temporal those are important and long-term memory (semantic and episodic)
Three main forms of information is encoded
Visual (picture), auditory (sound) and semantic (meaning)
Working memory
This is sometimes used synonymously (and incorrectly) with short-term memory but there is an important difference. Working memory is a type of short-term memory that stresses the conscious cook, active processing of information (example doing arithmetic in your head). It is using short-term memory to accomplish tasks (example doing arithmetic in your head).the frontal lobes are important for working memory as the slope is important in organizing and corn any information
Episodic memory
Memories of events that occur in a particular time and place. Personal experiences
Semantic memory
Actual information (example vocabulary words). General knowledge of the world such as ideas, meanings, and concepts not related to personal experiences
Unconscious processing
Some information takes a short cut into long-term storage, as the brain forms new memories without our awareness
2 track processing (conscious versus unconscious)
Automatic processing and effortful processing
Automatic processing
Unconscious encoding of every day information, such as space (location of items), time (sequences of events) and frequency of events
Effortful processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort, like remembering new information (example new names, addresses and phone numbers)
Rehearsal
The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it forstorage. This can increase your retention of new information. Rehearsal of new information often tends to be an auditory process. We may see a new phone number (visual), or an address, but we often rehearse it verbally. So, the main and coding system in short-term memory is auditory. The main in coding system in long term memory is Semantic (by meaning), however it does also encode visual and auditory information
Hermann Ebbingbaus
Conducted important early studies on memory. He had subjects learn a list of meaningless made up syllables (example B a Z, D a X, TUV). He found that the amount of information remember depends upon the time we spent learning it. The more time subject practiced a list of syllables on day one, the fewer times they would have to practice the list to be able to remember it on day two (learning was carried over, even though so just could not successfully resolve the list at the beginning of day two). So, even after you may think you know the material, additional practice (over learning) increases learning/retention.
Spacing effect
Retain information better if we spread rehearsal (studying) over time. Cramming doesn’t work
Testing effect
We Retain information better if we repeatedly quiz ourselves over the study material.
Serial position effect
When we try to learn a list of items it is easier to remember the first and last items than the middle items. The last items Are remembered best (recency effect). The items at the beginning of the list to remember it better than the middle terms (primacy effect)
Implicit memory (Sometimes called unconscious memory or automatic memory)
Uses past experiences to remember things without thinking about them. Retaining learned skills or conditioning. Motor learning, procedural memory. Example how to ride a bicycle
Explicit memory
Memories of faxing personal events that you consciously retrieve
Memory consultation
The process by which recent memories are transferred into long-term storage. Memories (explicit) are perfect transferred from the hippocampus to the cortex. Sleep supports memory consultation.
Building memories (encoding process)
Encoding meaning and encoding imaging
Encoding meaning
You Can more easily remember information if you translate it into personally meaningful information
Encoding images
We more easily remember things that we can process busily as well as meaningfully. Our earliest memories usually involve visual imagery. High imagery words (example tree) are more easily remembered than low imagery words (example of abstract concepts such as ethics, conditioning or development).
