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Psychology > Conditioning And Learning > Flashcards

Conditioning And Learning Flashcards

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0
Q

Associative learning

A

The process by which an association between two stimuli, or a behavior and a stimulus (or consequence).

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1
Q

Learning

A

A relatively permanent behavior change due to experience interactions with the environment.

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2
Q

Conditioning

A

The processes of learning associations is called conditioning has two main forms: classical conditioning and operant conditioning

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3
Q

Classical conditioning

A

A type of learning in which we learn to link to stimuli together and anticipate events.

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4
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Learning to associate a behavior and its consequences

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5
Q

Stimulus

A

A stimulus is any events or situations that evokes a response

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6
Q

Behaviorism

A

The idea that psychology should be an objective science-based focuses only observable behavior.

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7
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Classical conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov

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8
Q

Neutral stimulus (NS)

A

(The bell, before conditioning) a stimulus that elicits No response before conditioning

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9
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

(The food) a stimulus that naturally triggers a response (no conditioning required)

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10
Q

Unconditioned response (UR)

A

(Salivating to the food) a naturally occurring (unlearned) response to an unconditioned stimulus

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11
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (CS)

A

(The bell after conditioning) a previously neutral stimulus that after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response

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12
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

(Salivating to the bell) a response that occurs in reaction to a conditioned stimulus

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13
Q

Five major conditioning processes

A

Acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination.

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14
Q

Acquisition

A

The initial stage when a neutral stimulus is linked to an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus and trigger a conditioned response

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15
Q

Extinction

A

Repeatedly presenting the CS without the US to illuminate the CR. The CR gradually we can use to nothing. This is adaptive as animals need to be able to forget associations that are not helpful anymore

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16
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

The reappearance of ACR after a pause in the extinction process. After waiting for a period of time (example a few hours) the CR sometimes tends to reappear

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17
Q

Generalization

A

The tendency to display a CR to stimuli that resemble the CES. This is adaptive because learning to fear one animal as well as similar animals can be helpful

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18
Q

Discrimination

A

The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and a relevant (non-similar) stimuli. This is like the opposite of generalization. Example – the dogs and Pavlov’s experiment learn to respond to the sound of one particular town but not to other towns. Being able to recognize differences is adaptive

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19
Q

Little Albert experiment

A

Like most infants Little Albert feared loud noises but not white mice. The experimenters (John Watson and Rosalie rayner) paired a loud noise with the white mouse to condition a fear of white mice in Little Albert

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20
Q

Associative learning

A

Operant conditioning in classical conditioning or both forms of associative learning

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21
Q

Respondent behaviors

A

Classical conditioning involves responded behaviors which are automatic responses to stimuli.

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22
Q

Operant behaviors

A

Operant conditioning involves a print behaviors which operates on the environment to produce reinforcement or punishment

23
Q

Law of effect (E.L.Thorndike)

A

Behaviors that result is satisfying consequences are more likely to occur. Behaviors that result in discomfort or less likely to occur. To put it another way – behaviors that are followed by reinforcement increases and behaviors that result in punishment decrease

24
Q

B.F.Skinner

A

Developed operant conditioning Laurie it was a major pioneer in the field of behavioral psychology. He developed a philosophy of science that he called radical behaviorism. He did not believe persons possess free well. Instead he believed all behaviors are controlled by their histories of reinforcement (conditioning).

25
Q

Operant chamber (skinner box)

A

Skinner designed the operant chamber (skinner box) for his studies. The box has a bar or a button that the animal presses or pushes/packs to obtain a food or water reward. It also had a recording device to track and record responses.

26
Q

Shaping

A

Reinforcing successive approximations of a behavior in order to train a new behavior. Guiding actions closer and closer to a desired behavior with reinforcement. This is how animal trainers training complex behaviors.

27
Q

Reinforcement

A

Any consequence that strengthens or increases the frequency of the behavior it follows

28
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Anything that when presented after a behavior increases the behavior. The keyword is presented (something is added)

29
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Anything that when removed after behavior increases the behavior. The key word is removed (something is taken away). Example – you get negative reinforcement for taking an aspirin because it takes away the headache. Because taking the aspirin remove the pain the next time you have a headache you will be more likely to take an aspirin. Negative reinforcement is not punishment

30
Q

Primary reinforcers

A

An object or event that is naturally reinforcing often by satisfy a biological need (food)

31
Q

Conditioned reinforcers

A

Also known as secondary reinforcers – an object or event the games it’s reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer (money)

32
Q

Immediate and delayed reinforcers

A

Lower animals respond mostly to immediate reinforcement. Humans can also respond effectively to delayed reinforcers (paycheck, great at the end of the semester, degree after years of studying etc.). The ability to work toward the way to reinforcers is a sign of maturity and a key to success in life

33
Q

Extinction

A

Went to behavior is not reinforced, it decreases and tends to disappear. Do not reinforce bad behavior

34
Q

Extinction burst

A

This is when a behavioral displays an initial or temporary increase in frequency immediately after the behavior is no longer being reinforced

35
Q

Reinforcement schedule

A

Defines how or when a response will be reinforced

36
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

The response is reinforced every time it occurs. The best schedule for learning a new behavior. The only problem is extinction occurs rapidly

37
Q

Partial or intermittent reinforcement schedules

A

Invoice behavior only part of the time. This results in a slower initial learning then continue but it is more resistant to extinction. Example is a slot machine.

38
Q

Different types of partial or intermittent reinforcement schedules

A

Fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval

39
Q

Fixed ratio schedule

A

Reinforces a behavior only after a specific number of responses. Example, after every 10th response or getting a free drink after purchasing 10 drinks. The schedule produces a high rate of responding. Responding is fairly steady with only a slight pause after reinforcement.

40
Q

Variable ratio schedule

A

Provides reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses. Examples – slot machines or fishing. Produces high rates of responding and is highly resistant to extinction

41
Q

Fixed interval schedule

A

Reinforces the first response after a certain fixed period of time elapses. Does not produce a smooth response pattern. Animals respond more toward the end of the interval

42
Q

Variable interval schedule

A

Reinforces the first response after unpredictable time intervals. Tends to produce slow steady rates of responding

43
Q

Punishment

A

Consequence that we can or decreases the frequency of the behavior

44
Q

Positive punishment

A

Something is presented which results in a decrease in a behavior. Example – a spanking

45
Q

Negative punishment

A

Something is taken away resulting in a decrease in behavior. example – grounding a teenager

46
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

Reinforcement comes from within. Doing something just because you enjoy it. Examples – playing a sport that you find enjoyable, listening to music, watching a movie etc.

47
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

Reinforcement comes from outside. Doing something to obtain an outside reward or avoid punishment

48
Q

Social learning theory

A

Albert Bandura – learning is not purely behavioral. It is a comment to process that takes place in a social context. Uses observational learning in modeling also called social cognitive theory.

49
Q

Observational learning reinforcement

A

Learning by watching others. Uses vicarious reinforcement. Example – a child who sees his brother burn his finger on a hot stove learns not to touch the stove.

50
Q

Modeling

A

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

51
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Develop the concept of observational learning. He conducted the “Bobo doll” experiments which studied how children learn aggression

52
Q

4 requirements to observational learning

A

Attention, retention, initiation and motivation

53
Q

observational learning principles

A

Individuals are more likely to adopt a model behavior if it results and outcomes they value. Individuals are more likely to adopt a model behavior if they identify with the model. Individuals are more likely to adopt a model behavior is the model has a admired status

54
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

Just as the environment (social world) influences the individual, the individual also influences the environment.

Psychology (11 decks)

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