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Neuropsychopharmacology > The Brain > Flashcards

The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main areas of the brain

A

cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem

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2
Q

What part of the brain is involved in complex thought, perception, and action

A

the cerebrum

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3
Q

The cortex and subcortical areas are in which part of the brain

A

the cerebrum

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4
Q

What is the name of the outside layer of the brain

A

the cortex

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5
Q

What are gyri

A

folds of the cortex

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6
Q

The cortex is divided into what divisions

A

two halves (right and left) which are further divided into four lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal)

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7
Q

Where is the corpus callosum located

A

in the cortex

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8
Q

what is the corpus callosum

A

the thick band of nerves that connect the right and left hemispheres of the cortex

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9
Q

Which hemisphere inside of the cortex controls language and motor control

A

the left (think of L=Language)

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10
Q

Which hemisphere inside of the cortex is involved with memory and rational, logical, abstract and analytical thinking

A

left

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11
Q

What disorders result from damage to the left hemisphere

A

aphasia, agraphia, anomia, motor disturbances, and apraxia

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12
Q

define aphasia

A

loss of ability to understand or express speech

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13
Q

define agraphia

A

loss in the ability to communicate through writing

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14
Q

define anomia

A

inability to recall names of everyday objects

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15
Q

define apraxia

A

difficulties speaking

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16
Q

Concious coping and problem solving occur in which part of the brain

A

left hemisphere

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17
Q

perception, visuospatial, artistic, intuitive and musical abilities are associated with which part of the brain

A

right hemisphere

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18
Q

which part of the brain allows a person to understand another persons emotions

A

right hemisphere

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19
Q

damage to the right hemisphere results in what

A

left side hemineglect, prosopagnosia, affective abnormalities, visual perceptual disturbances

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20
Q

define left side hemineglect

A

neglects the left side of the body

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21
Q

define prosopagnosia

A

inability to recognize faces of familiar people

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22
Q

which hemisphere of the brain is referred to as the unconscious mind

A

right hemisphere

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23
Q

name the lobes of the brain

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

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24
Q

which lobe is the largest portion of the brain

A

frontal lobe

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25
Q

the prefrontal cortex, premotor area, and motor area are in which lobe of the brain

A

frontal lobe

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26
Q

which lobe is critical to personality, emotionality, ambition, planning, abstract thinking, cognitive flexibility, initiative, and judgment

A

prefrontal

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27
Q

what is the premotor cortex responsible for

A

planning and instigating movement

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28
Q

where is broca’s area located

A

left frontal lobe

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29
Q

what does broca’s area control

A

muscles that produce speech

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30
Q

damage to which lobe results in changes in personality, emotional lability, inattention, perservation, inability to express language, and problems with problem solving

A

broca’s area, located in the left frontal lobe

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31
Q

what is the parietal lobe responsible for

A

processing somatosensory information by integrating the shape, size, weight, and texture to create a 3D object

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32
Q

which lobe is responsible for directing attention and visuospatial skills

A

right parietal lobe

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33
Q

which lobe is responsible for overlearned motor activities and linguistic activities

A

left parietal lobe

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34
Q

damage to the parietal lobe results in

A

anomia (naming objects), agraphia (difficulty writing), and alexia (problems reading), acalcula (difficulty with math), difficulty drawing objects, distinguishing right from left, lack of awareness of body parts, eye hand coordination, problems attending to more than one object at a time

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35
Q

Define Gerstmann’s syndrome and where it occurs in the brain

A

left parietal lobe due to lesions. agraphia, acalcula, right-left disorientation, finger agnosia (cannot recognize fingers as a part of their body)

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36
Q

The limbic system is involved in

A

emotional behavior and memory

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37
Q

The left temporal lobe is involved in

A

verbal memory and language comprehension (wernicke’s area)

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38
Q

The right temporal lobe is involved in

A

visual memory

39
Q

damage to the temporal lobe results in

A

increased aggressive behavior, increase or decrease in sexual behavior, interference with memory, problems understanding speech (Wernicke’s aphasia), temper, aggression

40
Q

Damage to the occipital lobe causes

A

difficulty recognizing drawn object, identifying colors, hallucinations, illusions, difficulty recognizing words

41
Q

the main three areas of the subcortical area are

A

corpus callosum, limbic system, basal ganglia

42
Q

serves as a bridge between left and right hemisphere

A

corpus callosum

43
Q

what is the primitive brain that plays a key role in survival

A

limbic system

44
Q

The limbic system is largely involved in

A

emotions, fear, anger, pleasure, sex and hunger drives, learning, olfactory, and memory

45
Q

which is more complex? the limbic system or the brain stem

A

limbic system

46
Q

Limbic circuits do what

A

blend emotions, bodily functions, and social interactions

47
Q

the key structures of the limbic system are

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and septum

48
Q

which system releases hormones related to fear

A

limbic system

49
Q

which system creates motivational drives, non rational emotional states, and appraises incoming perceptions

A

limbic system

50
Q

which system encodes memories

A

limbic system

51
Q

implicit memory is processed in the

A

amygdala

52
Q

explicit memory is processed in the

A

hippocampus

53
Q

attachment to caregivers is done in the

A

limbic system

54
Q

all sensory input (except smell) is received here before being processed

A

thalamus

55
Q

Abnormalities in the thalamus are linked to which mental condition

A

schizophrenia

56
Q

what systems is the hypothalamus linked to

A

endocrine and autonomic nervous system

57
Q

Homeostasis is the key function of

A

hypothalamus

58
Q

define suprachiamatic nucleus

A

circadian clock

59
Q

directly influences the pituitary glands

A

hypothalamus

60
Q

functions of the hypothalamus include

A

fever, feeding, fighting, falling asleep, sex

61
Q

the main function of the hippocampus is

A

memory

62
Q

consolidating short term into long term memories is done by the

A

hippocampus

63
Q

which system is the hippocampus a part of

A

limbic system

64
Q

which side of the hippocampus is responsible for explicit memory

A

left

65
Q

which side of the hippocampus is responsible for episodic and autobiographical forms of memory

A

right

66
Q

which area of the limbic system attaches emotional significance to sensory input

A

amygdala

67
Q

what type of memory is the amygdala responsible for

A

emotional memory

68
Q

PTSD is linked to the

A

amygdala

69
Q

which part of the limbic system is responsible for face perception

A

amygdala

70
Q

does the amygdala increase or decrease aggression

A

increase

71
Q

what is Kluver Bucy Syndrome

A

placid, apathetic, hypersexual, eating excessively, agnosia

72
Q

what system is the septum located

A

limbic

73
Q

what does the septum do

A

decreases aggression

74
Q

what part of the brain is important in coordinating movement and posture

A

basal ganglia

75
Q

the main nuclei of the basal ganglia are the

A

caudate nucleus, putamen, substantia nigra, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus

76
Q

what part of the brain is important in stopping movement while maintaining posture

A

basal ganglia

77
Q

What is Huntington’s disease and what part of the brain is involved

A

unwanted extraneous movement, basal ganglia

78
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease and what part of the brain is involved

A

difficulty initiating movement due to the loss of dopaminergic nerons in the substantia nigra. Have rigidty and bradykinesia (slowed movements) basal ganglia

79
Q

What disorders are linked to the basal ganglia

A

Huntingtons, Parkinsons, Tourettes syndrom, and OCD

80
Q

What is the second largest structure in the brain

A

cerebellum

81
Q

What structure of the brain receives excitatory inputs for maintaining movement and motor activity

A

cerebellum

82
Q

the main problem with the cerebellum is

A

ataxia - lack of coordination of voluntary movements without weakness or sensory loss

83
Q

Problems with posture, gait, incorrect timing in muscles, vertigo, inability to reach out, and problems with fine movements result in problems with the

A

cerebellum

84
Q

what is another name for the reptilian brain

A

brain stem

85
Q

what does the brain stem do

A

monitor and modify basic bodily functions such as heart rate and respiration. influences state of arousal

86
Q

is the brain stem an extension of the spinal cord

A

yes

87
Q

What are the three parts of the brain stem called

A

pons, medulla, reticular formation

88
Q

Pons is the _____ part of the brain stem

A

upper

89
Q

Medulla is the ____ part of the brain stem

A

lower

90
Q

Damaging the brain stem is no big deal

A

false

91
Q

important in awareness, attention, and sleep

A

reticular formation

92
Q

What is the RAS

A

reticular activating system, involved in the sleep wake cycle and filters for information that mediates alertness

93
Q

Fight or Freeze reactions are controlled by the

A

brain stem

Neuropsychopharmacology (14 decks)

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