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Neuropsychopharmacology > Neurodegenerative > Flashcards

Neurodegenerative Flashcards

1
Q

define aphasia

A

loss of language ability due to brain damage

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2
Q

define broca’s aphasia

A

problems with speech production and articulation such as slow speech and short phrases

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3
Q

what area of the brain is damaged to cause broca’s aphasia

A

frontal lobe (usually left)

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4
Q

define wernicke’s aphasia

A

lack of language comprehension, cannot follow verbal commands or repeat phrases, can speak but it doesn’t make sense

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5
Q

what area of the brain is damaged to cause wernicke’s aphasia

A

dominant temporal lobe (usually left)

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6
Q

define anosognosia

A

being unaware of problems in language

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7
Q

how is conduction aphasia different from wernicke’s aphasia

A

in conduction aphasia, they are aware that they have a problem. people with wernicke’s aphasia are unaware that they have a problem (anosognosia)

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8
Q

what is the cause of conduction aphasia

A

lesions between pathways between receptive and expressive regions

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9
Q

define global aphasia

A

widespread damage to the language areas of the cortex

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10
Q

define anomic aphasia

A

specifically having problems recalling words or names and not being able to explain a concept (circumlocution)

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11
Q

what area of the brain is damaged to cause transcortical aphasia

A

damage outside the main language areas

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12
Q

name three types of transcortical aphasia

A

motor aphasia, sensory aphasia, mixed aphasia

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13
Q

define apraxia

A

cannot carry out purposeful motor movements even though they understand, however they can do involuntary movements

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14
Q

do people with apraxia have motor or sensory deficits

A

no

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15
Q

define agnosia

A

loss of ability to recognize specific sensory stimuli (object, person, smell, sound, shape) but nothing is actually wrong with the senses

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16
Q

define two types of agnosia

A

anosognosia and prospoagnosia

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17
Q

define anosognosia

A

lack of awareness you have a problem

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18
Q

define prosopagnosia

A

cannot recognize familiar faces

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19
Q

define agraphia

A

loss of ability to write

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20
Q

define alexia

A

loss of ability to read

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21
Q

T/F Amnesia is total memory loss

A

False, it can be partial as well

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22
Q

Define two types of amnesia

A

retrograde and anterograde

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23
Q

define retrograde amnesia

A

loss of past memories with a more severe effect on autobiographical memory

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24
Q

define anterograde amnesia

A

loss of the ability to create new memories, cannot consolidate short term memories in to long term memories

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25
Q

One-sided neglect usually effects which side of the body

A

the left side of all objects are neglected due to right sided damage

26
Q

what are the qualifiers of dementia

A

memory problems PLUS one of the following - aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, or disturbance in executive functioning. PLUS an interference in activities of daily living (ADL’s)

27
Q

what are memory problems without a dementia qualifier called

A

amnestic disorders

28
Q

what is the most common type of dementia

A

dementia due to alzheimers

29
Q

what are the early symptoms of alzheimers

A

memory problems (remembering names, recent events, misplacing things, forgetting what they are about to do, apathy, and depression)

30
Q

what are the steps in the progession of alzheimers

A

as it progresses - disorientation, wander away from home, decreased judgment, motor disturbances, and behavioral alterations. Further progression - Trouble with ADL’s, Final stage- loss of ability to communicate, bed ridden, don’t recognize relatives

31
Q

What changes in the brain are seen in alzheimers

A

plaques and tangles (only type of dementia with this), widespread neuronal damage, hippocampus and amygdala damage, significant decrease in acetylcholine)

32
Q

what processes is acetylcholine associated with

A

learning and memory

33
Q

what are the three clinical stages of alzheimers

A

preclinical, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia due to alzheimers disease

34
Q

what is the name of the test that detects plaques in the brain to diagnose alzheimers

A

Amyvid - it is a radioactive material that sticks to the plaques after it is injected in the brain using a PET scan

35
Q

what is the cause of alzheimers

A

unclear, may be genetic

36
Q

Can alzheimers be cured

A

no, but it can have temporary improvement with some medications

37
Q

which medications can temporarily improve cognitive function in alzheimers

A

Aricept and Cognex

38
Q

how is alzheimers treated

A

supporting caregivers and symptom management

39
Q

what is the second most common type of dementia

A

vascular dementia

40
Q

what is the cause of vascular dementia

A

numerous causes such as small strokes and high blood pressure

41
Q

what effects how functioning is impaired in vascular dementia

A

location of injuries

42
Q

what are the differences between alzheimers and vascular dementia

A

in vascular dementia, onset is more abrupt, it has plateau’s and declines, and half die within 2-3 years, and there is not much that helps improve functioning

43
Q

what are lewy bodies

A

abnormal clumps of a particular type of protein

44
Q

how does dementia with lewy bodies differ from alzheimers

A

also have visual hallucination, sleep disturbances, and muscular rigidity

45
Q

what is mixed dementia

A

alzheimers that coexists with another type of dementia

46
Q

people with parkinsons will always develop dementia T/F

A

false, but most do

47
Q

what is the first symptom of dementia due to parkinsons disease

A

depressive symptoms

48
Q

define subcortical dementia

A

speed of processing and executive functioning difficulties

49
Q

what area of the brain are abnormalities seen in dementia due to parkinson’s disease

A

the substantia nigra (basal ganglia)

50
Q

what neurotransmitter is lacking in dementia due to parkinson’s disease

A

dopamine

51
Q

what type of dementia is caused by a gene that is not sex linked

A

dementia due to huntingtons chorea

52
Q

what are the symptoms of huntingtons chorea

A

changes in personality and mood, apathetic or disinhibited, progressively deteriorating dementia along with psych symptoms

53
Q

define choreiform movements

A

brisk jerking movements of the trunk, limbs, and pelvis

54
Q

define athetosis

A

slow writhing movements and facial grimaces

55
Q

what area of the brain is involved in huntingtons chorea

A

the basal ganglia, caudate nucleus, putamen

56
Q

which neurotransmitters are involved in huntingtons chorea

A

reduction in acetylcholine and gaba which triggers too much dopamine which causes excessive movement

57
Q

what are two examples of frontotemporal dementia

A

pick’s disease and progressive supranuclear palsy

58
Q

what are the symptoms of dementia due to HIV

A

memory problems, attention, motor weakness and gait, jerky eyes, apathy and withdrawal, motivation, inappropriate affect

59
Q

define ADC

A

aids dementia complex

60
Q

what is another name for mad cow disease

A

creutzfeldt jakob’s disease

61
Q

T/F death due to creutzfeldt jakob’s disease is not common

A

false. death occurs within 4-6 months

62
Q

define hydrocephalus

A

accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brains ventricles

Neuropsychopharmacology (14 decks)

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