Neurodegenerative

Question 1

define aphasia

Answer 1

loss of language ability due to brain damage

Question 2

define broca’s aphasia

Answer 2

problems with speech production and articulation such as slow speech and short phrases

Question 3

what area of the brain is damaged to cause broca’s aphasia

Answer 3

frontal lobe (usually left)

Question 4

define wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 4

lack of language comprehension, cannot follow verbal commands or repeat phrases, can speak but it doesn’t make sense

Question 5

what area of the brain is damaged to cause wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 5

dominant temporal lobe (usually left)

Question 6

define anosognosia

Answer 6

being unaware of problems in language

Question 7

how is conduction aphasia different from wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 7

in conduction aphasia, they are aware that they have a problem. people with wernicke’s aphasia are unaware that they have a problem (anosognosia)

Question 8

what is the cause of conduction aphasia

Answer 8

lesions between pathways between receptive and expressive regions

Question 9

define global aphasia

Answer 9

widespread damage to the language areas of the cortex

Question 10

define anomic aphasia

Answer 10

specifically having problems recalling words or names and not being able to explain a concept (circumlocution)

Question 11

what area of the brain is damaged to cause transcortical aphasia

Answer 11

damage outside the main language areas

Question 12

name three types of transcortical aphasia

Answer 12

motor aphasia, sensory aphasia, mixed aphasia

Question 13

define apraxia

Answer 13

cannot carry out purposeful motor movements even though they understand, however they can do involuntary movements

Question 14

do people with apraxia have motor or sensory deficits

Answer 14

no

Question 15

define agnosia

Answer 15

loss of ability to recognize specific sensory stimuli (object, person, smell, sound, shape) but nothing is actually wrong with the senses

Question 16

define two types of agnosia

Answer 16

anosognosia and prospoagnosia

Question 17

define anosognosia

Answer 17

lack of awareness you have a problem

Question 18

define prosopagnosia

Answer 18

cannot recognize familiar faces

Question 19

define agraphia

Answer 19

loss of ability to write

Question 20

define alexia

Answer 20

loss of ability to read

Question 21

T/F Amnesia is total memory loss

Answer 21

False, it can be partial as well

Question 22

Define two types of amnesia

Answer 22

retrograde and anterograde

Question 23

define retrograde amnesia

Answer 23

loss of past memories with a more severe effect on autobiographical memory

Question 24

define anterograde amnesia

Answer 24

loss of the ability to create new memories, cannot consolidate short term memories in to long term memories

Question 25

One-sided neglect usually effects which side of the body

Answer 25

the left side of all objects are neglected due to right sided damage

Question 26

what are the qualifiers of dementia

Answer 26

memory problems PLUS one of the following - aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, or disturbance in executive functioning. PLUS an interference in activities of daily living (ADL's)

Question 27

what are memory problems without a dementia qualifier called

Answer 27

amnestic disorders

Question 28

what is the most common type of dementia

Answer 28

dementia due to alzheimers

Question 29

what are the early symptoms of alzheimers

Answer 29

memory problems (remembering names, recent events, misplacing things, forgetting what they are about to do, apathy, and depression)

Question 30

what are the steps in the progession of alzheimers

Answer 30

as it progresses - disorientation, wander away from home, decreased judgment, motor disturbances, and behavioral alterations. Further progression - Trouble with ADL's, Final stage- loss of ability to communicate, bed ridden, don't recognize relatives

Question 31

What changes in the brain are seen in alzheimers

Answer 31

plaques and tangles (only type of dementia with this), widespread neuronal damage, hippocampus and amygdala damage, significant decrease in acetylcholine)

Question 32

what processes is acetylcholine associated with

Answer 32

learning and memory

Question 33

what are the three clinical stages of alzheimers

Answer 33

preclinical, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia due to alzheimers disease

Question 34

what is the name of the test that detects plaques in the brain to diagnose alzheimers

Answer 34

Amyvid - it is a radioactive material that sticks to the plaques after it is injected in the brain using a PET scan

Question 35

what is the cause of alzheimers

Answer 35

unclear, may be genetic

Question 36

Can alzheimers be cured

Answer 36

no, but it can have temporary improvement with some medications

Question 37

which medications can temporarily improve cognitive function in alzheimers

Answer 37

Aricept and Cognex

Question 38

how is alzheimers treated

Answer 38

supporting caregivers and symptom management

Question 39

what is the second most common type of dementia

Answer 39

vascular dementia

Question 40

what is the cause of vascular dementia

Answer 40

numerous causes such as small strokes and high blood pressure

Question 41

what effects how functioning is impaired in vascular dementia

Answer 41

location of injuries

Question 42

what are the differences between alzheimers and vascular dementia

Answer 42

in vascular dementia, onset is more abrupt, it has plateau's and declines, and half die within 2-3 years, and there is not much that helps improve functioning

Question 43

what are lewy bodies

Answer 43

abnormal clumps of a particular type of protein

Question 44

how does dementia with lewy bodies differ from alzheimers

Answer 44

also have visual hallucination, sleep disturbances, and muscular rigidity

Question 45

what is mixed dementia

Answer 45

alzheimers that coexists with another type of dementia

Question 46

people with parkinsons will always develop dementia T/F

Answer 46

false, but most do

Question 47

what is the first symptom of dementia due to parkinsons disease

Answer 47

depressive symptoms

Question 48

define subcortical dementia

Answer 48

speed of processing and executive functioning difficulties

Question 49

what area of the brain are abnormalities seen in dementia due to parkinson's disease

Answer 49

the substantia nigra (basal ganglia)

Question 50

what neurotransmitter is lacking in dementia due to parkinson's disease

Answer 50

dopamine

Question 51

what type of dementia is caused by a gene that is not sex linked

Answer 51

dementia due to huntingtons chorea

Question 52

what are the symptoms of huntingtons chorea

Answer 52

changes in personality and mood, apathetic or disinhibited, progressively deteriorating dementia along with psych symptoms

Question 53

define choreiform movements

Answer 53

brisk jerking movements of the trunk, limbs, and pelvis

Question 54

define athetosis

Answer 54

slow writhing movements and facial grimaces

Question 55

what area of the brain is involved in huntingtons chorea

Answer 55

the basal ganglia, caudate nucleus, putamen

Question 56

which neurotransmitters are involved in huntingtons chorea

Answer 56

reduction in acetylcholine and gaba which triggers too much dopamine which causes excessive movement

Question 57

what are two examples of frontotemporal dementia

Answer 57

pick's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy

Question 58

what are the symptoms of dementia due to HIV

Answer 58

memory problems, attention, motor weakness and gait, jerky eyes, apathy and withdrawal, motivation, inappropriate affect

Question 59

define ADC

Answer 59

aids dementia complex

Question 60

what is another name for mad cow disease

Answer 60

creutzfeldt jakob's disease

Question 61

T/F death due to creutzfeldt jakob's disease is not common

Answer 61

false. death occurs within 4-6 months

Question 62

define hydrocephalus

Answer 62

accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brains ventricles