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Neuropsychopharmacology > Neurodevelopment > Flashcards

Neurodevelopment Flashcards

1
Q

What is the area of the brain that is well formed at birth

A

brainstem

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2
Q

What is the area of the brain that is partially formed at birth and continues to grow

A

the limbic area

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3
Q

what area of the brain develops based on experience and is underdeveloped at birth

A

cortical areas

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4
Q

define synaptogenesis

A

growth and strengthening of neural connections

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5
Q

define neurogenesis

A

maturation of neurons and their subsequent interconnections via differentiation of neural stems

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6
Q

what does myelinogenesis lead to

A

lays down fatty myelin sheath along interconnected neurons to make a neural pathway

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7
Q

define epigenisis

A

continued shaping of the cortical areas based on life experiences such as family experience which is why attachment relationships are so important

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8
Q

define the maturational view of brain development

A

genetically predetermined developmental sequence of neuroanatomical regions

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9
Q

define lower order sensory functions

A

oral and motor, infants highly depend on these

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10
Q

by the second year of life, the prefrontal cortex supports what

A

successful performance on the object retrieval task that is designed to assess working memory and inhibitory control in children

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11
Q

when does the fastest rate of growth of the brain occur

A

prenatally

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12
Q

between birth and adulthood, how much does the brain grow in size

A

quadruplets

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13
Q

what age does brain development peak

A

18-30

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14
Q

what is the increase in brain weight postnatally due to

A

growth and maturation of existing neurons, including elaboration of dendrites and synapses and ongoing myelination

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15
Q

the emphasis on gross structural formation happens during which period

A

prenatal

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16
Q

what is the basic functional unit of the CNS

A

the neuron

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17
Q

define glial cells role

A

supportive and nutrient role enabling regeneration of damaged neurons, producing scar tissue to occupy damaged sites, and transporting nutrients from nerve cells

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18
Q

the emphasis on brain elaboration, differentiation, and maturation happens during which period of development

A

postnatal period

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19
Q

progress is hierarchical, which region of the brain develops last

A

anterior regions

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20
Q

when does rapid dentritic growth occur

A

eight months to two years

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21
Q

higher levels of dendrites are seen during adulthood T/F

A

false, during the postnatal period and then are pruned to allow experience from environment to shape them

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22
Q

what are the developmental problems caused by brain lesions in the postnatal period

A

dendrites may be thinner, have smaller number of spines or shorter branches

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23
Q

why is the initial overproduction of synapses important in the postnatal period

A

it provides a scope for recovery and adaptation

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24
Q

define myelination

A

the process of neuronal insulation that ensures rapid transmission of electrical signals and transmission of information within and between neural circuits

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25
Q

when is myelination complete

A

by late adolescence, but most likely goes on to age 25

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26
Q

why is myelination important

A

improved processing information and more effective cognitive functions

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27
Q

the brain develops in a linear fashion T/F

A

False, it has a series of growth spurts

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28
Q

the initial growth spurt of the brain occurs at what age

A

1.5-5 years

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29
Q

the second growth spurt of the brain occurs at what ages

A

5 and 10 years

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30
Q

the final growth spurt of the brain occurs at what ages

A

10 and 16 years

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31
Q

what age does the left hemisphere develop

A

5-7 years

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32
Q

what age does the right hemisphere develop

A

9 and 11 years

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33
Q

define critical periods

A

when neural networks are particularly sensitive to positive environmental influences such as learning/instruction vs neglect/abuse

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34
Q

brain disruptions in critical periods are particularly detrimental causing cessation of development or altering its course T/F

A

true

35
Q

brain disruptions can permanently disrupt progression of brain development T/F

A

true

36
Q

adults are better able to compensate for damage to the motor cortex T/F

A

false, young children are better able to compensate for damage to the motor cortex

37
Q

define ipsilateral

A

structures on the same side of the brain

38
Q

what are the most common causes of prenatal pathology

A

genetics, intrauterine trauma such as infection, toxins, injury as well as maternal nutrition, alcohol intake, drugs, and stress

39
Q

postnatal infection and external trauma are particularly problematic at what age

A

preschool children

40
Q

define information processing skills

A

attention, processing speed, and memory

41
Q

why are information processing skills important

A

critical to all aspects of cognitive language and are predictive of language, working memory, and achievement levels in early adolescence

42
Q

define Cowan’s model

A

the individual must first attend to information, register and encode it, and the store it in memory

43
Q

the integrated neural system involves contributions from which structures

A

brainstem, reticular activating system, and posterior and anterior cerebral region

44
Q

the development of attention is characterized by a systematic increase in the child’s ability to what

A

override innate response tendencies and replace them with more appropriate ones

45
Q

what are the two attention systems operating in the brain called

A

luria

46
Q

the first system of the luria is environmentaly triggered and requires higher order cognition for efficient functioning T/F

A

false, higher order cognition is largely unnecessary

47
Q

the second system of the luria is mediated by what

A

more sophisticated cognitive processes and is responsible for volitional attention

48
Q

define volitional attention

A

a person’s interpretation of environmental stimuli

49
Q

The two attention systems always work together T/F

A

false, the first system emerges soon after birth and the second with increasing maturation. they do not work in parallel until later

50
Q

Posner’s first component of attentional processing is located where and is directed towards what

A

posterior cerebral cortex including parietal lobes and parts of the thalamus and midbrain. directed towards selective attention and shifts in spatial attention

51
Q

Posner’s second component of attentional processing is located where and is directed towards what

A

anterior brain regions. enhances the intensity of the attention directed towards particular cognitive tasks

52
Q

contemporary views of attention view is that it is an integrated system of separate but interacting components T/F

A

true

53
Q

define vigilance

A

sustained attention or the ability to maintain attention over time

54
Q

what part of the brain mediates vigilance

A

the reticular formation

55
Q

when does vigilance emerge

A

during infancy and early childhood, with accelerated progress between 8-11yrs followed only by gradual improvements in adolescence

56
Q

define selective attention

A

filters out distracting stimuli

57
Q

what part of the brain mediates selective attention

A

superior temporal, inferior parietal, and striatal regions

58
Q

define attentional control domain

A

compromised of inhibition, self regulation and monitoring

59
Q

define shifting attention/mental flexibility

A

ability to shift attention from one stimulus to another in a flexible manner

60
Q

define divided attention

A

ability to attend to two tasks/stimuli

61
Q

what part of the brain is associated with divided attention

A

the prefrontal cortex including the anterior cingulate gyrus

62
Q

define sensory store

A

information enters the system via the sense organs and is held briefly in a literal form

63
Q

define central executive memory

A

managerial role in voluntary retrieval and activation of stored information

64
Q

define declarative/explicit memory

A

a conscious memory that is represented by a visual image

65
Q

define procedural/implicit memory

A

memory for a skilled activity (piano) that the individual does not have conscious recall

66
Q

what part of the brain is linked to procedural memory skills

A

basal ganglia and brainstem structures

67
Q

what part of the brain is linked to declarative memory

A

temporal lobes, particularly the hippcampus

68
Q

the frontal lobes serve what function in memory

A

selective attention, voluntary action, and management attributed to the central executive

69
Q

how is immediate memory capacity measured

A

number of digits or letters a child can hold at a time

70
Q

how many chunks of information can a preschool child hold

A

three to four

71
Q

what is the hallmark of patients who have slowed processing

A

TBI

72
Q

what is attentional control essential for

A

development and efficient functioning of cognitive flexibility and goal setting

73
Q

define cognitive flexibility

A

the processes of working memory, shifting attention and conceptual transfer

74
Q

define goal setting

A

initiating, planning, problem solving, and strategic behavior

75
Q

why is whole brain integrity important

A

efficient executive skills in children

76
Q

define social competence

A

the ability to achieve personal goals in social interaction while maintaining positive relationships with others over time

77
Q

define social interaction

A

the social actions and reactions between individuals or groups modified to their interaction partners

78
Q

define social adjustment

A

the capacity of individuals to adapt to the demands of their social environment

79
Q

how does social competence develop

A

first the perception of basic aspects of face and emotion perception that extends to complex processes that involve understanding mental states that module appropriate behaviors within social contexts

80
Q

at what age can infants demonstrate social initiatives and preferences

A

2-3 months

81
Q

at what age can children integrate emotional information to recognize affect in faces and voices

A

7 months

82
Q

the increase of what in the brain is important in social skill development

A

increase in white matter

83
Q

damage to what area of the brain leads to significant changes in behavior, emotional regulation, personality, and social functioning

A

the prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex

Neuropsychopharmacology (14 decks)

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