ADHD Flashcards
symptoms must be present before age 12 T/F
true
what is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder
adhd
is ADHD heritable
yes
what is the overlap between ADHD and autism
the chromosomal loci
fetal exposure to what can increase the risk factors of adhd
maternal stress, alcohol, nicotine, other drugs, low birth weight, preterm birth, obstetric risks
what is the pathophysiology of adhd
dysregulation of the frontal/subcortical/cerebellar catecholaminergic circuitry and abnormalities in the dopamine transporter system
what agonists positively respond in adhd treatment
dopamine and norepinephrine
what is the name of an agonist used to treat adhd
methylphenidate
increased dopamine binding in the striatum is seen in ADHD T/F
true
neuroimaging shows what change to the brain versus normal brains
reduced who brain volumes
dysfunctions in which neural networks are implicated in adhd
multiple neural networks including the front-parietal executive control
what are the compensatory mechanisms seen in adhd
a more diffuse network of neural systems in order to preserve performance
what symptoms are targeted in adhd pharmacology
improved: attention, reaction time, short term memory, acquisition and retention of material, socialization. Reduced: motor activity, distractibility and impulsivity, vocalization, noise, and disruption
name three stimulants used to treat adhd
amphetamines, adderall, methylphenidate
what are two forms of dexedrine
focalin and vyvanse
what do ampethamines promote in the brain to treat adhd
release of newly synthesized dopamine and norepinephrine
how to amphetamines interfere with neurotransmitters
interferes with reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
what areas of the brain are stimulated by adhd medications
cerebral cortex, brain stem, reticular activating system, and the reward center of the brain
what is the biggest problem with amphetamines
people become tolerant and abuse them due to the rebound phenomenon (hit bottom quickly)
do amphetamines easily cross the blood brain barrier
yes, they are low protein binding and highly lipophilic
what are the biggest concern for children taking amphetamines
growth inhibition, insomnia, tics or involuntary movements
how does methylpenidate act on dopamine
releases stored dopamine and blocks its reuptake
what is the most commonly prescribed drug for adhd treatment
methylphenidate
how does methylphenidate differ from amphetamines
they are structurally related, but it has a milder cortical effect and has more of an effect on mental activity vs motor activity
