ADHD

Question 1

symptoms must be present before age 12 T/F

Answer 1

true

Question 2

what is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder

Answer 2

adhd

Question 3

is ADHD heritable

Answer 3

yes

Question 4

what is the overlap between ADHD and autism

Answer 4

the chromosomal loci

Question 5

fetal exposure to what can increase the risk factors of adhd

Answer 5

maternal stress, alcohol, nicotine, other drugs, low birth weight, preterm birth, obstetric risks

Question 6

what is the pathophysiology of adhd

Answer 6

dysregulation of the frontal/subcortical/cerebellar catecholaminergic circuitry and abnormalities in the dopamine transporter system

Question 7

what agonists positively respond in adhd treatment

Answer 7

dopamine and norepinephrine

Question 8

what is the name of an agonist used to treat adhd

Answer 8

methylphenidate

Question 9

increased dopamine binding in the striatum is seen in ADHD T/F

Answer 9

true

Question 10

neuroimaging shows what change to the brain versus normal brains

Answer 10

reduced who brain volumes

Question 11

dysfunctions in which neural networks are implicated in adhd

Answer 11

multiple neural networks including the front-parietal executive control

Question 12

what are the compensatory mechanisms seen in adhd

Answer 12

a more diffuse network of neural systems in order to preserve performance

Question 13

what symptoms are targeted in adhd pharmacology

Answer 13

improved: attention, reaction time, short term memory, acquisition and retention of material, socialization. Reduced: motor activity, distractibility and impulsivity, vocalization, noise, and disruption

Question 14

name three stimulants used to treat adhd

Answer 14

amphetamines, adderall, methylphenidate

Question 15

what are two forms of dexedrine

Answer 15

focalin and vyvanse

Question 16

what do ampethamines promote in the brain to treat adhd

Answer 16

release of newly synthesized dopamine and norepinephrine

Question 17

how to amphetamines interfere with neurotransmitters

Answer 17

interferes with reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine

Question 18

what areas of the brain are stimulated by adhd medications

Answer 18

cerebral cortex, brain stem, reticular activating system, and the reward center of the brain

Question 19

what is the biggest problem with amphetamines

Answer 19

people become tolerant and abuse them due to the rebound phenomenon (hit bottom quickly)

Question 20

do amphetamines easily cross the blood brain barrier

Answer 20

yes, they are low protein binding and highly lipophilic

Question 21

what are the biggest concern for children taking amphetamines

Answer 21

growth inhibition, insomnia, tics or involuntary movements

Question 22

how does methylpenidate act on dopamine

Answer 22

releases stored dopamine and blocks its reuptake

Question 23

what is the most commonly prescribed drug for adhd treatment

Answer 23

methylphenidate

Question 24

how does methylphenidate differ from amphetamines

Answer 24

they are structurally related, but it has a milder cortical effect and has more of an effect on mental activity vs motor activity

Question 25

does ritalin or concerta stay in the body longer

Answer 25

concerta

Question 26

name two non-stimulants used to treat adhd

Answer 26

intuniv and kapvay