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Anatomy and Physiology > The Blood > Flashcards

The Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

Connective tissue

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2
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.35-7.45, slightly alkaline

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3
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the blood?

A

Distribution (o2, waste, nutrients), Regulation (Body temp, pH, fluid levels) and Protection (prevent blood loss and infection control)

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4
Q

What are the main components of blood?

A

Erythrocytes (red blood cells for o2 transport), Leukocytes (white blood cells to protect) and Platelets (blood clotting)

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5
Q

What % of each blood component is in blood?

A

RBC is 45%, WBC is less than 1% and Platelets is 55%

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6
Q

What does and Erythrocyte look like and what is its function?

A

It is circular with a pillar on one side and it transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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7
Q

What does all the Leukocytes look like and what are their functions?

A

Neutrophil has 3-5 lobes inside the cell, Eosinophil usually has 2 lobes however has orange dots in the cell, Basophil is dark blue and not a lot of organisation, Lymphocyte has a circular interior to the cell which is similar to monocyte however this one is kidney shaped. They are used for defence and immunity

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8
Q

What does a platelet look like and what is its function?

A

Tiny little particles and they are for blood clotting

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9
Q

What is the term if blood becomes too acidic or too basic and how does it restore?

A

Acidosis and Alkalosis and the respiratory system and kidneys restore it back to normal

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10
Q

Where are the plasma proteins made and what % of the plasma weight do they make up?

A

Make up 8% and are made in the liver

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11
Q

What is Albumin?

A

60% of plasma proteins, contributes to osmotic pressure

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12
Q

What is Globulins?

A

36% of plasma proteins, They transport proteins that bind to lipids and antibodies are released during immune response

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13
Q

What is Fibrinogen?

A

4% of plasma proteins, forms fibrin threads of blood clot

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14
Q

How do RBC or erythrocytes form?

A

Stem cell (red bone marrow) starts to mature under influence of hormones and growth factor, it then chooses path due to receptor sites on membrane and some become RBC and others WBC. This process cannot be reversed.

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15
Q

What is the role of Erythrocytes?

A

To ferry o2 to all cells

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16
Q

What is in the mature RBC?

A

Sacs of hemoglobin molecules, Iron containing protein, binds with small amount co2, lack mitochondria and make ATP

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17
Q

What is the structure and distribution of RBC?

A

Small cells shaped like biconcave discs, provide large surface area to volume ratio, ideal for gas exchange

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18
Q

What is the Erythropoietin mechanism fore regulating erythropoiesis?

A

If there is a decrease in normal blood oxygen levels, the kidney releases erythropoietin which stimulates red bone marrow. Enhanced erythropoeisis increases RBC count, increasing o2 carrying ability of blood

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19
Q

What is anaemia?

A

It is a major RBC disorder, with decrease in o2 carrying ability of blood. Can be due to lower than normal number RBCS (malnutrition, blood loss, kidney disease, iron defficiency) and also abnormal/deficient haemoglobin content in RBC (sickle cell)

20
Q

What are the characteristics of WBC (leukocytes)

A

less numerous than RBC, crucial to body defense, only complete cells contain nuclei

21
Q

What are the functions of WBC’s?

A

Form protective, movable army helping defend against damage by bacteria, viruses, parasites. move like flowing ameobas, kill whatever they want, able to slip in and out of blood vessels via diapedis. Chemical messages recieved by damaged cells

22
Q

What are the 2 major groups of WBC’s

A

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

23
Q

What does the Granulocytes contain and what are the examples?

A

Lobed nuclei which are connected by strands. These include Nuetrophils, Eosinophils and Basophils

24
Q

What are Nuetrophils and their function?

A

Big, short lived cells that are chemically attracted to injury with presence of bacteria. They inject free radicals and hydroperoxide. Use defenserin on merging on bacteria to punch spears through. Active phagocyte

25
Q

What are Eosinophils and their function?

A

Red course cytoplasmic granules and bilobed nucleus. Have digestive enzyme packets that release onto surface of parasite.Kill parasitic worms.

26
Q

What are Basophils and their function?

A

Have few large purple-blue granules, u or s shaped nucleus. Release histamine that enables other WBC’s to gain entry for battle.

27
Q

What does Agranulocytes contain and what are the examples?

A

Lack visible cytoplasmic granules, nucleus is either spherical, oval or kidney shaped. Include Lymphocytes and Monocytes.

28
Q

What are Lymphocytes and their functions?

A

Spherical dark purple nucleus. Makes up 25% of WBC’s. Part of immune system and make up B cells that produce antibodies and T cells that graft rejection, fighting tumours and viruses.

29
Q

What are the Monocytes and their function?

A

Kidney shaped nucleus. Active phagocytes that become macrophages in tissue. Long term ‘clean up’ team

30
Q

What are platelets and their function?

A

Irregularly shaped cell fragments. Used in blood clotting to initiate clotting cascade. Age quickly (10 days) and regulated by hormone called Thrombopoeitin.

31
Q

Where does all the blood and tissue exchange of fluid happen?

A

In the capillaries so the arteriole end is equalling fluid at the venous end.

32
Q

Why does Interstitiual fluid occur?

A

Due to the exchange between the blood capillaries and the surrounding tissues

33
Q

What are the types of fluid exchange?

A

Diffusion, Osmosis, Filtration, Reabsoprtion

34
Q

How does the fluid get into the Interstitium?

A

Capillary wall acts as a Semi Permeable Ultrafilter Membrane, the capillary blood pressure drops from beginning to the end of capillary, Flow of fluid depends on difference of blood pressure and osmotic pressure at different points, Blood pressure goes from high pressure to low pressure, osmotic pressure pulls fluid back, therefore fluid is expelled from capillary at arterial end and taken back in at venous end.

35
Q

What is Blood pressure?

A

Force exerted by blood against inner walls of blood vessels and depends on flow/resistance.

36
Q

What is Systole?

A

It is the contraction and pulsing motion peaks here

37
Q

What is Diastole?

A

It is the relaxation and the blood moves distally here

38
Q

What are the factors affecting Blood pressure?

A

Cardiac output (volume of blood pumped by heart in L/min), Peripheral Resistance (resistance to blood flow, imposed by blood vessels), Blood volume (Volume of blood in closed vascular circuit) and Stroke volume (the volume of blood pumped by heart with each beat ml/beat)

39
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

Stroke volume X Heart rate

40
Q

What is the formula for Blood pressure?

A

Cardiac output X Peripheral Resistance

41
Q

What is the pulmonary circulation?

A

Deoxygenated blood leaves right ventricle entering pulmonary trunk, The right and left pulmonary arteries carry blood to right and left lung, the arteries branch into pulmonary capillaries serving the alveoli, Co2 diffuses out of capillary and o2 diffuses into, the oxygenated blood then flows from capillaries to pulmonary vein taking blood to heart.

42
Q

What is the Systemic circulation?

A

Blood leaves left ventricle entering aorta, which is then distributed to all major organs and body cells, o2 and nutrients diffuse into body cells and co2 and waste diffuse into blood cells, Deoxygenated blood is taken back to heart via superior or inferior vena cava and starts the pulmonary circuit again

43
Q

What is the main systemic arteries?

A

The aorta

44
Q

What are the parts of the aorta?

A

Ascending aorta (left and right coronary arteries), Aortic arch, Thoracic aorta (chest wall, bronchi and oesophagus), Aortic arch (Brachiocephalic artery - right subclavian and carotid artery, left subclabian and common corotid artery), Abdominal aorta , Illiac arteries

45
Q

What is the Hepatic Portal System?

A

Carries blood from abdominal organs to liver - superior mesenteric veins, splenic veins, gastric/pancreatic/inferior mesenteric veins and sinusoids

Anatomy and Physiology (18 decks)

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