Respiratory System

Question 1

What is respiration?

Answer 1

It is the process by which all metabolically active cells in the body are supplied with oxygen and carbon dioxide is removed.

Question 2

What are the 2 regions of the respiratory system and what do they contain?

Answer 2

The upper respiratory tract that has nose, nasal cavity and pharynx. The lower respiratory tract that has larynx, trachea, bronchi/bronchioles and alveoli.

Question 3

Which part of the respiratory system passes both food and air?

Answer 3

The pharynx.

Question 4

What is the floor of the nasal cavity formed with?

Answer 4

The hard and soft palates

Question 5

What is the pharynx?

Answer 5

Tunnel shaped and extends from nasal cavity to larynx and is about 13cms long. Has 3 sections

Question 6

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

Answer 6

The nasopharynx, oropharynx and Laryngopharynx

Question 7

What is the function of the nasopharynx?

Answer 7

Upper part, recieves air from nasal cavity

Question 8

What is the function of the oropharynx?

Answer 8

Middle part, receives air from nasopharynx and food from oral cavity.

Question 9

What is the function of the Laryngopharanyx?

Answer 9

Lowest part, acts as both respiration and digestion

Question 10

What are the sinus?

Answer 10

The are openings that lighten the skull and modify sounds. Also lined with mucous membranes that warm and humidify air.

Question 11

What is the path from the nose to the alveoli?

Answer 11

Air enters the nose, into the nasal cavity, through pharynx, then larynx, then trachea then bronchi then bronchioles and the alveoli

Question 12

What shape is the lung and what is it surrounded by?

Answer 12

They are cone shaped and surrounded by a double membrane called pleura that protects the lungs

Question 13

What is the space between the inner and outer pluera layers called?

Answer 13

It is the plueral cavity that contains plueral fluid which lubricates and reduces friction

Question 14

What separates the lungs?

Answer 14

The mediastinum that contains the heart and major blood vessels

Question 15

How many lobes does each side of the lung have?

Answer 15

The right lung has 3 lobes and the left has 2 lobes

Question 16

What are the aveolis and where are they?

Answer 16

They are small pockets or sacs and they sit on the end of the alveolar ducts that are attached to the bronchioles

Question 17

What does the alveoli do and how?

Answer 17

It allows rapid gas exchange as it is only 1 cell thick

Question 18

What does the septa cell do?

Answer 18

It produces pulmonary surfactant, reducing the surface tension.

Question 19

How does the process of inspiration/inhalation work?

Answer 19

Inspiratory muscles contract (diaphragm descends, ribs moves upwards and outwards), thoracic cavity volume increases, lungs stretch and intrapulmonary volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure drops and air flows into lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0 (equal to atmospheric pressure). It is an active process

Question 20

How does the process of exhalation work?

Answer 20

Inspiratory muscles relax (diaphragm rises, ribcage descends due to recoil of costal cartilages), Thoracic cavity volume decreases, elastic lungs recoil passively, intrapulmonary volume decreases, intrapulmonary pressure rises and air flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient until pulmonary pressure is 0. It is a passive process

Question 21

What is the process of external respiration?

Answer 21

Diffusion

Question 22

What are the factors that affect respiration?

Answer 22

Thickness of membrane (increase by oedema), surface area of the lung (reduced in emphysema) and fluid in tissue.

Question 23

How does gas pressure travel?

Answer 23

From an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Question 24

How is carbon dioxide transport assisted?

Answer 24

By carbonic anhydrase

Question 25

What is alkadosis?

Answer 25

High alkaline in blood. pH over 7.45

Question 26

What is acidosis?

Answer 26

High acid in blood. pH under 7.35

Question 27

What are some factors that can cause acidosis?

Answer 27

Renal problems (kidney disease), Metabolic problems (diabetes) and Respiratory problems (asthma)

Question 28

What is the respiratory centre controlled by?

Answer 28

The pons and the medulla

Question 29

What are factors that influence depth and rate of respiration?

Answer 29

Local factors (H+, O2, CO2), emotions/cold (hypothalmic manipulation), irritants (reflexes), reflexes (hyperinflation)

Question 30

Where does the medulla inspiratory area receive input from?

Answer 30

Chemoreceptors, baroreceptors and stretch receptors

Question 31

What are chemoreceptors sensitive to?

Answer 31

Changes in PO2 and PCO2

Question 32

What happens to the air at higher altitudes and how does this affect the body?

Answer 32

There is a decrease in o2 and therefore cardiac output increases

Question 33

What is the respiration rate in adults?

Answer 33

12-18r/min

Question 34

Define tidal volume

Answer 34

The amount of air moved into or out of the lungs in quiet, relaxed breathing

Question 35

Define residual volume

Answer 35

The volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation

Question 36

Define inrespiratory reserve volume

Answer 36

The additional amount that can be breathed in by force after a normal inhalation

Question 37

Define expiratory reserve volume

Answer 37

The additional amount that can be breathed out by force after normal exhalation

Question 38

Define vital capacity

Answer 38

The volume of air that can be expelled by the lungs by maximum exhalation after maximum inhalation

Question 39

Define functional residual capacity

Answer 39

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after normal exhalation

Question 40

Define total lung capacity

Answer 40

The total volume of air that can be contained in the lungs after maximum inhalation