Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What are hormones and what do they regulate?

A

They are chemical messengers that regulate homeostasis, growth and reproduction and responses to stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What links the nervous and endocrine systems?

A

The hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Regulates the pituitary gland (which regulates other endocrine glands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define Exocrine

A

Glands which have ducts through their secretions are carried to a particular site eg sweat and saliva glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define endocrine

A

Ductless glands that empty their hormonal products directly into the blood eg thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What organ is both exocrine and endocrine?

A

The pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

Regulate growth, reproduction, use of nutrients by cells, adjustment of salt and fluid balance, metabolic rate and adaptations to stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are hormones and how do they work?

A

Chemical messengers with regulatory effects on cells or organs by binding to receptor sites.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do hormones from the endocrine glands work?

A

They are released directly into tissue fluids (not through ducts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What hormones affect many tissues?

A

Growth hormone, Thyroid hormone (Thyroxin and Triiodothyronine) and Insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What hormones affects a specific tissue?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone or Adrenocorticotropic hormone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is synergism?

A

Combining with second hormone to amplify effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is antagonise?

A

Oppose each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What tissues other than endocrine glands also secrete hormones?

A

Brain, digestive organs, kidney.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What hormones release from the hypothalamus?

A

Oxytocin and Antidiuretic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

Stimulates strong contractions of uterus needed during childbirth and also when baby sucks on mothers nipple allows milk to be produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does Antidiuretic do?

A

Regulates fluid balance in the body by stimulating the re absorption of water in the kidney tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What occurs when there is input from other areas of brain and hormones in blood?

A

Nuerons of hypothalamus secrete several releasing and inhibiting hormones. These hormones regulate productions and secretion of several pituitary hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

Attached by a stalk to the hypothalamus and is only size of a pea.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What 6 hormones does the pituitary gland release?

A

Growth hormone, Prolactin, Thyroid stimulating hormone, Adrenocorticotropic hormone, Follicle stimulating hormone and Luteinising Hormone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the function of the growth hormone?

A

Stimulates growth by promoting protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the function of prolactin?

A

Stimulates the release of milk by the mammary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of the thyroid stimulating hormone?

A

Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones and also increase in size of thryroid gland

24
Q

What is the function of the Adrenocorticotropic hormone?

A

Stimulates secretion of adrenal cortical hormones from adrenal cortex

25
Q

What is the function of the follicle stimulating hormone?

A

Stimulates follicle development in the ovaries

26
Q

What is the function of the Luteinising Hormone?

A

Stimulates growth and functions of ovaries and testes

27
Q

Which hormones produced by the anterior pituitary exert major effects on non-endocrine targets?

A

Growth hormone and prolactin

28
Q

What hormones produced by the anterior pituitary are tropic hormones?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Follicle stimulating hormone and Luteinising Hormone.

29
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

They stimulate their target organs (and also endocrine glands) to secrete their hormones which inturn exert their effects on other body organs and tissues

30
Q

What is the posterior pituitary consist of and what do these cells do?

A

Mainly cells called pituicytes which do not produce hormones but provide support for axon terminals that extend from nuerosecretory cells in hypothalamus

31
Q

What hormones does the nuerosecretory cells produce?

A

Oxytocin and Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

32
Q

Where is the pineal gland?

A

Small coned shaped gland found in roof of 3rd ventricle of brain

33
Q

What is the function of the pineal gland?

A

Secretes melatonin (establishes day-night cycle in body, highest is at night making drowsy, regulates mating behaviour, coordinates fertility hormones)

34
Q

Where is the thyroid gland and what is its make up?

A

Located in the anterior neck with lateral lobes on either side of larynx, connecting band (isthmus) and enclosed by CT capsule. Gland cells arranges into million of sac like follicles that surround a lumen filled with protein substance (colloid)

35
Q

What are the 3 hormones that the thyroid releases?

A

Triiodothyronine, Thyroxine and Calcitonin

36
Q

How are Triiodothyronin and Thyroxine produced, where are they stored and what does it affect?

A

They are produced from tyrosine in the gland cells that moves into the follicles which then attaches to iodine. IT is stored in colloid until needed and stimulated into the blood stream by the release of thyroid stimulating hormone and connect to transport protein. It affects every cell except brain, spleen, testes/uterus and the gland itself. Play role in growth, development and energy utilisation

37
Q

Where is calcitonin produced and what is its function?

A

Produced in parathyroid cell in thyroid and lowers blood calcium level.

38
Q

What does the parathyroid gland do?

A

Secreted parathyroid hormone which regulates calcium level in blood by increasing

39
Q

What is special about the pancreas?

A

It is an exocrine organ as it has ducts to secrete by also endocrine as releases insulin directly into blood

40
Q

What are the small clusters of cells scattered through the pancreas called and what do they contain?

A

Islets of Langerhans which contain alpha (secrete glucagon) , beta(secrete insulin) and delta cells (secrete growth hormone inhibiting hormone) which are fuel sensors

41
Q

What does insulin do and when is it released?

A

It lowers blood glucose levels after we have eaten but also released due to elevated amino acid and fatty acid in blood stream or acetylcholine release by nerves. Glucose is oxidised and produces ATP

42
Q

What is glycogen and where is it stored?

A

Glycogen is storage of glucose. It is stored in liver as glycogen which can be broken down into glucagon and produce ATP to cell. Is also released when blood sugar levels are low to raise it

43
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located and what do they secrete?

A

Located ontop of kidneys and secrete hormone that regulates metabolism and helps body with stress

44
Q

What does the thymus produce?

A

Produces hormone called thymosin and also t lymphocytes

45
Q

What is the role of the ovaries?

A

Function in puberty, activity resulting in rhythmic ovarian cycle, produce female sex cells (ova- as it develops and blood levels of ovarian hormones rise and fall)

46
Q

How are ovaries stimulated to produce hormones and what hormones are produced?

A

Stimulated in cyclic way by anterior pituitary gonatropic hormones. Releases progesterone and oestrogen.

47
Q

What function does progesterone have?

A

Brings menstrual cycle, inhibits embryo being aborted and helps prepare breast tissue for lactation

48
Q

What function does Oestrogen have?

A

Stimulate secondary sex characteristics, growth/maturation of reproductive organs (pubic hair), prepare uterus for fertilised egg, maintain pregnancy and prepare for lactation

49
Q

How are the testes stimulated to produce hormones and what hormones are produced?

A

Stimulated by luteinising hormone from anterior pituitary gonatropic hormones and produces testosterone

50
Q

What function does testosterone have?

A

Causes development of male sex characteristics, promotes growth and maturation of reproductive organs, prepare for reproduction, development of secondary sex characteristics (beard, heavy bones/muscles) and stimulates sex drive

51
Q

What are other hormone producing tissue?

A

Stomach, small intestine, kidneys, brain, atria or heart, placenta and fat cells.

52
Q

What are Prostaglandins?

A

Hormones that produce, act and rapidly inactivate in/close to origin, constrict/dilate structures and promote inflammation

53
Q

What is Atrial Natriuretic Peptide?

A

Released by atria in response to high blood pressure. Inhibits sodium reabsorption , reduces water reabsoprtion which lowers blood volume and blood pressure

54
Q

What happens with aging to the pancreas, thyroid and pituitary?

A

Pancreas- adult onset diabetes mellitus, thyroid-decreased hormone secretion and pituitary- decreased bone mass

55
Q

What occurs when the blood glucose level is too high?

A

Pancreas produces more insulin, chemicals in insulin tell body cells to open up allowing more glucose from blood to enter cells and stabalising glucose in blood

56
Q

What does thyroxin do if there is lots and not much?

A

Lots means fast metabolism and not much means slow where it is not oxidising sugar quickly, the excess blood sugar is converted to muscle/liver glycogen and once storage is full turns to fat

57
Q

What is the feedback chain of thyroxin?

A

The hypothalamus releases thyroid releasing hormone to the anterior pituitary which releases thyroid stimulating hormone that tells the thyroid to release thyroxin

Anatomy and Physiology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions