Nervous System 2

Question 1

What is the PNS and what are its divisions?

Answer 1

It is everything outside of the CNS and is broken into sensory and motor (then somatic NS and autonomic NS(broken down into sympathetic and parasympathetic))

Question 2

What are cutaneous sensory organs?

Answer 2

Sensory receptors in the skin

Question 3

What are proprioceptors?

Answer 3

Sensory receptors in muscles and tendons

Question 4

What are the characteristics of cranial nerves?

Answer 4

12 pairs that arise symmetrically from base of brain, distribute to head and neck, numbered in order from front to back in which they arise, some are motor, sensory or both

Question 5

What is the cranial nerve functions?

Answer 5

Convey sensory impulses (smell, vision, hearing, pain, touch, temperature, deep muscle sense, pressure, vibration). Voluntary muscles control or somatic motor impulses. Involuntary control or visceral effector messages to glands and involuntary muscles

Question 6

What does somatic mean?

Answer 6

Voluntary

Question 7

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

Answer 7

Olfactory Nerve, Optic Nerve, Occulomotor nerve, Trochlear Nerve, Trigeminal Nerve, Abducens nerve, Facial nerve, Vestibulocochlear Nerve, Glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, accessory nerve and Hypoglossal nerve

Question 8

What is the function of the olfactory nerve?

Answer 8

Carries smell impulses from receptors in nasal mucosa to brain

Question 9

What is the function of the Optic nerve?

Answer 9

Carries visual impulses from retina to brain

Question 10

What is the function of the Occulomotor nerve?

Answer 10

Concerned with contraction of eye muscles

Question 11

What is the function of the Trochlear nerve?

Answer 11

Supplies one eyeball muscle on each side

Question 12

What is the function of the Trigeminal Nerve?

Answer 12

Great sensory nerve of face and head. 3 branches- ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular. Carries general sense impulses (pain/touch/temp)

Question 13

What is the function of the Abducens nerve?

Answer 13

Controlling impulses to eyeball muscles

Question 14

What is the function of the Facial nerve?

Answer 14

Largely motor nerve, muscles of facial expression all supplied by branches from facial nerve. Includes special sensory fibres for taste contains secretory fibres to salivary glands and lacrimal glands

Question 15

What is the function of the Vestibulocochlear nerve?

Answer 15

Special sensory fibres for hearing aswell as for balance

Question 16

What is the function of the Glossopharyngeal nerve?

Answer 16

General sensory fibres from back of tongue and pharynx. Motor nerve fibres to control the swallowing muscles in pharynx

Question 17

What is the function of the Vagus nerve?

Answer 17

Longest cranial nerve, supplies most organs in thoracic and abdominal cavities. Contains secretory fibres to glands that produce digestive fluids and other secretions

Question 18

What is the function of the Accessory Nerve?

Answer 18

Motor nerve fibres controlling 2 muscles of neck (trapezius and sternocleidomastoid)

Question 19

What is the function of the Hypoglossal Nerve?

Answer 19

Carries impulses controlling the muscles of the tongue

Question 20

What do the brachial and lumbar plexus refer to?

Answer 20

The arm and leg

Question 21

What are dermatomes and what does this mean in terms of infection?

Answer 21

Skin is innervated by a single spinal nerve. Body is broken down into segments and if virus enters, can only spread in that section but wont leave it.

Question 22

What is the prime nuerotransmitter?

Answer 22

Acetylcholine (Ach)

Question 23

What characteristic does the motor nueron have on the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 23

Motor nueron goes from spine or brains but axon is shorter and synapses with second motor nueron at a junction outside CNS (ganglion) which then goes to organ to make it work

Question 24

What characteristic does the motor nueron have on the somatic nervous system?

Answer 24

Motor nueron goes straight to muscles from spin. It is myelinated so signal is quick

Question 25

What is a preganglion nueron and what are the differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia?

Answer 25

It is lightly myelinated and the post unmyelinated signal is slower. Sympathetic ganglia is close to spinal cord where as parasympathetic is close to muscles

Question 26

What are the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system and what do they do?

Answer 26

Sympathetic which is the fight or flight reaction and parasympathetic which is the metabolic phase and returns body back to normal. They have opposite effects by releasing antagonistic nuerotransmitters

Question 27

What is the role of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 27

Supplies impulses to heart, muscles , smoot muscles and glands to maintain homeostasis, controls functions of glands: respiratory, circulatory, digestive, urogenital systems. Controls involuntary muscles in theses systems and skin and effects internal secretions (interaction with hormone)

Question 28

What is the development of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 28

Comes from nueral tubes but relies on CNS releasing nueral growth factor to develop. With age it decreases; constipation and orthostatic hypotension in elderly

Question 29

When is the sympathetic part activated and what does it do?

Answer 29

It acts as an acceleration under stress. When there is excitement, emergency, embarrassment or exercise, it stimulates adrenal gland which releases hormones including adrenelin preparing for action

Question 30

What are the effects of the sympathetic part?

Answer 30

Dilation of pupils, increase in heart rate and forcefulness, increase in blood pressure, dilation of bronchial tubes allowing more air in, digestion is slowed, liver releases glucose, kidneys decrease urine output, blood vessels constrict, hair stands and sweat pores open

Question 31

When is the parasympathetic part activated?

Answer 31

Opposite of sympathetic and serves to balance it out. Activated in ‘SLUDD’
Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Digestion and Defecation

Question 32

What are the effects of the parasympathetic part?

Answer 32

Pupils constrict, nasal glands produce mucous, salivary glands produce thin, copious secretions, trachea and bronchiol constrict, heart rate and force decrease, liver stores glucose, stomach secretes more digestive enzymes, movement of food accelerated, bladder muscles relax and sexual organs stimulated