Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology > Lymphatics and Immunity > Flashcards

Lymphatics and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

When and where does the lymphatic start budding from?

A

In the 5th week, it starts to bud from the vein development around the subclavian area where it then moves inferior and superior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When are the lymphoid organs developed?

A

Spleen and thymus are developed before birth and the rest are after birth where there is a build up of lymphocytes which then parallels the immune system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

Waste products being flushed out. Drainage and transport of interstitual fluid back into the venous blood circulation. Intestines-absorb food fats and is part of bodys immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do the lymphatic organs produce?

A

They produce lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the main roles of the lymphatic system?

A

To collect and recycle fluid that has leaked out of blood capillaries, to phagocytize bacteria (old red blood cells, impurities such as toxins and cellular waste), to absorb lipids from intestines and production and activation of lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the formation of a lymph?

A

The blood in capillary is under high pressure forcing some plasma out through the pores in capillary walls bathing the body cells. The plasma is interstitual fluid (no red blood cells or platelets, few WBC), the lymphatic system collects interstitual fluid in vessels. The fluid is called lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What type of tissue is lymphatic tissue and what does it contain?

A

It is loose connective tissue (reticular) and contains fibres, fibroblasts, macrophages and lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where can lymphatic tissue be found?

A

Widely distributed but in gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How can lymph tissue be arranged?

A

In small masses called nodules or nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are lymph nodules?

A

Small masses of lymph tissue that produces lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do lymph nodules do?

A

They are distributed to defend the body against disease producing organisms penetrating the lining of the passageways that communicate with the outside of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are Peyers patches and why do they differ from most lymphatic nodules?

A

Peyers patches are large masses of lymph nodules found in the small intestine. Most lymph nodules are small and solitary but can be found in large clusters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does lymph get to lymph nodes?

A

They do not have vessels but may have germinal centres containing immature lymphocytes surrounded by a cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are tonsils in relation to lymphatic system?

A

Tonsils are lymph nodules found in oral cavity and pharynx. Produce lymphocytes against invading bacteria however this invasion may cause tonsils to swell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is the thymus located and what colour is it?

A

The thymus is located above the heart and behind the sternum between lungs. It is a pinky-grey organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the major lymph node areas?

A

Temporal, thoracic, inguinal, axillary, abdomen and clavivlarism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is the spleen located and how big is it?

A

It is the largest lymphatic organ at 12cm long and found in abdominal cavity, posterior lateral to stomach and protected by 9, 10 and 11 rib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the spleen do?

A

It removes bacteria, worn out blood cells, platelets and debris from general circulation. Works as extramedullary hemopoeisis occurs by liver and spleen causing enlargement of spleen. Can inflamme due to overworking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the thymus do?

A

Plays key role in immunity and produces t-lymphocytes that respond to disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where are b-lymphocytes made?

A

In the bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the largest central lymph vessels and where do they get lymph from?

A

Lumbar, jugular and intestinal and take lymph from inner organs, extremities and trunk quadrant

22
Q

From the trunk, where does lymph drain into?

A

Either the right lymphatic duct or larger thoracic duct. From the ducts they drain into the venous system at the subclavian vein

23
Q

What does the thoracic duct drain?

A

Legs and pelvis, lower trunk quadrant, intestines (cisterna chyli) and left upper quadrant (left side of head)

24
Q

What does the right lymphatic duct drain?

A

Right side of head, neck, arm and lungs and right upper quadrant

25
Q

What is oedema and what can is result in?

A

Swelling caused by accumulation of large amounts of fluid in intercellular spaces. Its visible and palpable (pitting). If not resolved early, secondary damage to lymphatic system can occur

26
Q

What can cause oedema?

A

Cardiac insufficiency, immobility and chronic venous insufficiency

27
Q

What are the 4 types of insufficiences with oedema?

A

High volume insufficiency, Low volume insufficiency, Safety valve insufficiency and right cardiac insufficiency (renal disease)

28
Q

What is right cardiac insufficiency with oedema?

A

Weak muscles of right ventricle of heart cause blood to be left behind in ventricle, congestion then spreads to right atrium then to vena cava and veins. Venous pressure increases and causes more lymph to produce and less lymph is reabsorbed into veins. Emptying of lymph into veins is difficult due to increased venous pressure and result is reduced transport capacity and increase lymph load exceeding transport capacity and results in congestive heart failure

29
Q

What is immunity?

A

The body providing protection against foreign substances including disease producing organisms or pathogens

30
Q

What are antigens?

A

Stimulates production of antibodies by an immune responsiveness (bacteria, penicillin, poison ivy)

31
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Function of body stimulated by antigens

32
Q

What is the first line of defence in non specific immunity?

A

Skin/mucous membranes, keratin (resistance against acids, alkalis and bacterial enzymes), nasal hairs, cillia and urine

33
Q

What is the second line of defence in non specific immunity?

A

Phagocytes (nuetrophil/macrophages which eat invading substances by engulfing and destroying), Natural killer cells (destroy cancer and virus infected cells by ordering cell to self suicide), inflammation (removes injurious effects of harmful substances ) and Antimicrobial proteins (interferons-proteins secreted by virus infected cell to protect non-infected cell and complement-proteins that enhance immunity) and fever

34
Q

What is a fever and what does it do?

A

High temperature that is set off by pyrogens (chemicals released by leukocytes when they encounter foreign substances). Prompts spleen and liver to hold onto iron and zinc which bacteria needs in order to multiply. Destroys micro-organisms that replicate better at 35 degrees

35
Q

What are interferons?

A

Group of proteins produced by certain types of cells that become infected by intracellular parasites, bacteria, fungi or protazoa but mainly viruses. They stimulate other cells to produce antiviral proteins, which prevent the cell from manufacturing macro molecules required by virus. Virus is less effective at infecting cells and also stimulates natural killer cells which destroy cells that have been infected by virus

36
Q

How do cells distinguish between self and non self?

A

All cells have MHC (major histocompatibility complex) proteins located on surface which are highly specific for each individual. They act as tags indicating self. When immune cells come in contact with proteins that are not recognisable they start and immune attack against foreign substance. All cells constantly checked for self or not

37
Q

What are the types of lymphocytes?

A

B-cells, T-cells and antigen presenting cells

38
Q

What are Antigen presenting cells and where are they found?

A

They engulf antigens and present part of it to T cells who will start a cell mediated response or stimulate a humeral response (by triggering B cells). They are found mostly in connective tissue and skin but also macrophages and B cells

39
Q

What are the types of antibodies? (Gammed)

A 
IgG-most abundant, crosses placenta
IgA- found mostly in mucous
IgM- first antibody released in blood
IgM and IgG-only one that can fix complement
IgE- involved in allergies 
IgD Always bound to B cell surface
M-modem and G-gone
40
Q

How do antibodies bind to antigens to become a complex? (PLAN)

A

P- precipitate the antigens (make less soluble) and phagocytes can destroy them more easily
L-Lysis- Attract complements that lyse (break down) the complexes
A- Agglutinate. Form clumps so that phagocytes can get to them more easily
N-Neutralise the dangerous sites on antigens that often release toxins to the body until phagocytes get to them

41
Q

What does HIV mean with cells?

A

Helper T cells destroyed.

42
Q

What are the 2 types of immunity on immune response?

A

Humoral (antibody mediated) immunity and cell mediated immunity.

43
Q

What is humoral (antibody mediated) immunity?

A

Activation of B cells requires helper T cell which produce lymphokines that activate B cells. This activation leads to differntiation into plasma cells and formation of memory Bcells . Plama cells produced and secrete antibody specific for antigen. It occurs mainly against extracellular pathogens, encapsulated pathogens and pathogens that produce exotoxin`

44
Q

What is cell mediated immunity?

A

Has 2 distinct components helper T cell-mediated immunity and cytotoxic T cell-mediated immunity. Involves T cells

45
Q

What is helper T cell-mediated immunity?

A

Macrophages are activated by IFNy produced by helper T cell. Activated helper T cell is aided by activated macrophages mediate cellular immunity and delayed type hypersensitivity. Main defence against intracellular pathogens -fungi and protozoa and may be involved in tumour immunity

46
Q

What is Cytotoxic T cell mediated immunity?

A

Destroys virus-infected cells and main defence against viruses. Also destroys tumour cells and cells in tissue graft.

47
Q

What are the types of immunity on mode of acquirement?

A

Active and passive

48
Q

What do b cells mature to?

A

Become immunocompetent (antigen specific receptors on surface)

49
Q

What do t cells mature to?

A

Helper T cells, Cytotoxic cells or other types

50
Q

Why are immunocompetent lymphocytes special?

A

They are able to bind to foreign substances

Anatomy and Physiology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions