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Anatomy and Physiology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the most digestion and absorption occur?

A

In the small intestine which recieves input from the pancreas, liver and gall bladder

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2
Q

What is the digestive system made up of?

A

The digestive tract (alimentary wall) and accessory digestive organs

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3
Q

What are the anterior and posterior openings of the digestive system?

A

The mouth and the anus

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4
Q

What are the specialised compartments that play a role in digestion?

A

Oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine

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5
Q

What are the accessory digestive organs?

A

Tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gall bladder

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6
Q

What is the part of the digestive system lying below the diaphragm called?

A

The gastrointestinal tract

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7
Q

What do the receptors in the alimentary wall respond to to suppress or stimulate digestion?

A

The receptors and hormones respond to the stretch and chemical signals (pH) to stimulate or suppress digestion

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8
Q

How does the motor system start digestion?

A

The sensory go to the brain and tell motor system or food in the gut stimulates the brain to start motor system

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9
Q

What does the liver collect after the motor system is stimulated?

A

Nutrient rich blood (hepatic portal)

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10
Q

What are the 3 layers of the stomach and what are their functions?

A

Mucosa (secretes mucous, enzymes, hormones that help absorb nutrients. Also protects the gut from bad bacteria), Submucosa (houses all the nerves, capillaries and lymph) and Serosa (covers the visceral cavity)

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11
Q

What is mesentary?

A

In the abdominopelvic cavity a serous membrane contains blood vessels, lymph, nerves for the digestive organs

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12
Q

What characteristics does the tongue have and what are its functions?

A

Thick muscular structure, has 2 sets of muscles used for movement of food around the oral cavity, speech and swallowing and also contains specialised cells that form the taste buds

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13
Q

What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands?

A

Parotid gland, the submanibular gland and the sublingual gland.

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14
Q

What do the salivary glands secrete?

A

Secrete saliva containing water, salivary amylase and mucous

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15
Q

What is salivary amylase?

A

An enzyme that begins the digestion of carbs.

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16
Q

What is the role of water and mucous in the saliva?

A

To moisten the food and help to maintain a constant pH level in mouth

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17
Q

Where does amylase stop working and why?

A

In the stomach as cannot work in an acidic environment

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18
Q

What is the pharynx and what tissue is it made of?

A

It is a passageway at the back of the throat that allows the passage of both food and air and it is mainly unkeratinised stratified squamous epithelium that resists abrasion

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19
Q

What are the components that the pharynx can be broken up into?

A

Oropharynx (at the back of the throat), Laryngopharynx (behind the larynx) and nasopharynx (nasal and oral cavities communication)

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20
Q

What is the oesophagus and what is its role?

A

Muscular tube that takes food from the mouth to the stomach in a process called degulition or swallowing

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21
Q

What are the 3 stages of deglutition (swallowing)?

A

Voluntary, (Pharyngeal and Oesophageal) both involuntary

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22
Q

What occurs in the voluntary stage of deglutition?

A

Boluis is pushed into the oropharynx by the tongue

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23
Q

What occurs in the pharyngeal stage of deglutition?

A

Presence of bolus produces a reflex action, epiglottis closes over larynx, soft palate closes over nasopharynx, this widens space available for oesophagus to stretch, preventing food from entering respiratory tract and pharyngeal muscular contraction propels the food into the oesophagus

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24
Q

What occurs in the Oesophageal stage of deglutition?

A

Waves of muscular contraction help to move the food down the oesophagus towards stomach, gravity and mucous produced by oesophages cells also help the bolus to move towards the stomach, the cardiac sphincter muscle at the entrance of the stomach relaxes, and allows food to enter

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25
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Waves of contraction caused by circular and longitudinal muscle in the musculous layer

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26
Q

What is the stomach and where is it located?

A

A J shaped muscular bag located in upper left side of abdominal cavity. At the entrance between the oesophagus and stomach is a cardiac sphincter

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27
Q

What are the 3 regions of the stomach?

A 
The fundus(at the cardiac sphincter), the body 
(main part) and the pyloric region (near pyloric sphincer)
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28
Q

What allows the stomach to stretch when it has food in it?

A

The many large folds on the inner layer of stomach called rugae

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29
Q

What allows the stomach to contract in many ways?

A

The muscular layer has 3 layers with muscle running in different directions for extra force.

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30
Q

How does the stomach prevent self digestion?

A

It is lined with bicarb rich mucous to protect against the acid and has tight junctions between cells

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31
Q

How is digestion triggered in the stomach?

A

Triggered by stomach stretching and triggers a stomach pacemaker that controls the peristaltic

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32
Q

What are the gastric glands in the stomach?

A

Chief cells and parietal

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33
Q

What do the chief cells produce?

A

Pepsin (proteins) which is only stimulated by the HCl release

34
Q

What do the parietal cells produce?

A

HCl and intrinsic factor (B12 carrier), histamine (activated HCl) Seratonin (contraction of heart) and Gastrin (large increases of HCl and empty the stomach)

35
Q

Where are the gastric glands located?

A

Inbetween the folds of the inner layer of the stomach and contains specialised secretory cells

36
Q

What are the main substances secreted from the gastric glands?

A

HCl, Pepsinogen and Mucous

37
Q

What is the role of HCl?

A

Lowers pH of stomach to 2 which helps disintegrate cells in food, break chemical bonds and kill bacteria. Also allows pepsinogen to be converted to active form of pepsin

38
Q

What is the role of pepsin?

A

An enzyme that breaks down proteins into proteases and peptones

39
Q

What role does the mucous have in the stomach?

A

It is alkaline and protects epethelial cells from the acid

40
Q

How are the gastric glands stimulated?

A

The presence of food in the stomach

41
Q

Why is there not a lot of absorption in the stomach?

A

The cells are very close together and there are no special absorption surfaces. It only absorbs highly fat soluble substances ie alcohol or aspirin

42
Q

How does the food move from the stomach to the small intestine?

A

The peristaltic waves in the stomach gradually move food along stomach to pyloric region where the sphincter relaxes and released food into the small intestine

43
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum

44
Q

What does the Duodenum receive?

A

Secretions from the liver and pancreas

45
Q

What does the Jejunum and Ileum contain?

A

Glands that secrete digestive enzymes

46
Q

How is the Small intestine stimulated and what does it contain (liquid wise)?

A

Stimulated by stretch and chemicals released. It shortens/lengthens and pulses because of muscle mass is at the bottom of the villi. There is mostly water and mucous to make it slightly alkaline. Very low level of enzymes as breaking down already has been done

47
Q

How long does food take to pass through small intestine and why?

A

3-6 hours as the passage is controlled by a pump that sits at the stomachs pyloric valve

48
Q

Why does most of the absorption occur in the small intestine?

A

It occurs via a catabolic means where bonds are broken then added to water molecules for transport

49
Q

Where is villi located and what do they do?

A

They are tiny projections on the inside of the small intestine with microvilli forming a brush border. They increase Surface area for more digestion and absorption. The epethilial cells constantly release digestive enzymes.

50
Q

Where does the secretion from the villi come from and what is the secretion?

A

Intestinal glands, pancreas, liver and gall bladder and the secretion is mostly purely interstitual fluid which acts as a medium for digestion and absorption of food

51
Q

What sits in the submucosa of the duodenum?

A

Mucous glands called duodenal or submucosal glands

52
Q

What do the duodenal glands release?

A

An alkaline mucous, protecting the duodenum from acidic chyme and enzymes that enter from the stomach. Goblet cells also secrete mucous

53
Q

What does interstitual lipase do?

A

Helps to digest fats and aminopeptidase and dipeptidase helping protein digestion

54
Q

What do the limited enzymes do that sit on the brush border?

A

Help protein and carb absorption

55
Q

What do pancreatic enzymes do?

A

Aid the digestion of carbs, fats, proteins and nucleic acids

56
Q

What does the pancreas produce as an exocrine gland?

A

Produces pancreatic juice to the duodenum. This juice contains a high concentration of sodium bicarbonate and enzymes.

57
Q

What does sodium bicarbonate do?

A

Neutralise acidic chyme from the stomach , bringing pH of the duodenum to 7/8 an alkaline ‘juice’. Most enzymes can operate at this pH except pepsin

58
Q

What are the products of digestion>

A

Carbs go to monosaccharides, proteins go to amino acids, fats go to fatty acids and glycerol and nucleic acid goes to sugars and nitrogen bases

59
Q

Where is the liver located?

A

Largest gland and found in upper right quadrant of abdomen, underneath diaphragm

60
Q

Where does blood that is rich in nutrients from the small intestine go and what happens there?

A

Goes to the liver where both wastes and nutrients are removed

61
Q

What does the liver do?

A

Produces bile and converts and stores glucose as glycogen. Also makes proteins from amino acids

62
Q

What do bile salts do?

A

They emulsify fats in the small intestine

63
Q

What is bile and what cell produces it?

A

Is a liquid made from bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, lecithin and electrolytes. Is produced in hepatocytes

64
Q

Where is the bile stored and released?

A

Stored in the gall bladder and released into the duodenum via bile duct

65
Q

Where is the gall bladder located?

A

Small pear shaped sac found on inferior side of liver

66
Q

What is the role of the gall bladder?

A

When small intestine is empty, bile duct closes and gall bladder fills up with bile. It stores and concentrates bile until needed. Releases bile when fatty food hits duodenum

67
Q

What are the parts of the large intestine?

A

Caecum, colon (ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid), rectum and anal canal

68
Q

What is the function of the colon?

A

Absorb water, form and store faeces, eliminate faeces from the body and remove electrolytes and vitamins

69
Q

Does the large intestine do any digestion?

A

There are no enzymes secreted and no villi. No digestion or absorption of food except bacteria which reside

70
Q

What does the bacterial activity in the large intestine result in?

A

Production of a mixture of gases, organic materials, several vitamins (especially K and some B complex) which are absorbed into bloodstream

71
Q

What secretes the mucous in the large intestine and what is its function?

A

Special goblet cells and its role is to protect the large intestine from acidity and holds faecal matter together

72
Q

What material can be found in the large intestine?

A

Mainly water, bacteria, mucous, cellulose, cellular debris, salts and bile pigments (gives brown colour to faeces)

73
Q

What happens once faecal matter enters rectum?

A

The reflex action takes place whereby the internal anal sphincter relaxes. If external sphincter relaxes, defecation occurs

74
Q

What is the glucose metabolism?

A

All monosaccharides use the glucose pathway so CHO metabolism is essentially the same as glucose metabolism

75
Q

What occurs when the body needs energy?

A

Glucose is catabolised into energy as ATP, 1 molecule of glucose provides 36 molecules of ATP if oxygen is present. If oxygen is not present, some of the glucose breakdown products are changed into lactic acid

76
Q

What are the metabolic pathways?

A

Glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle and electron transportation chain and oxidative phosphorylation

77
Q

What is glycoogenesis?

A

Is the storage of glucose. Glycogen is many glucose molecules linked with water which decreases levels of glucose in blood

78
Q

What is lipogenisis?

A

If glucose level is still high and the glycogen stores are full, body converts glucose to lipids

79
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

When levels of glucose in blood fall, liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose in blood. If the muscle requires glucose, they use own glycogen stores

80
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

When stores of glucose in liver are depleted, body breaks down proteins and lipids and converts them to glucose and energy. Essentially making glucose from noncarb molecules. This breakdown is down by liver

Anatomy and Physiology (18 decks)

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