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Anatomy and Physiology > Integumentary > Flashcards

Integumentary Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A

Protection, Excretion, Assistance in thermoregulation, Synthesis of Vitamin D and Sensory Perception

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2
Q

What does the 6 factors the skin protects against?

A

Mechanical damage, Chemical damage, Bacterial damage, Ultraviolet radiation, Thermal damage and Disiccation (drying out).

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3
Q

How does the skin protect against mechanical damage?

A

Forms a physical barrier and contains pressure receptors alerting nervous system of possible damage

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4
Q

How does the skin protect against chemical damage?

A

Is relatively impermeable keratinised cells and has pain receptors alerting NS of damage

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5
Q

How does the skin protect against bacterial damage?

A

Has unbroken surface and acid mantle. Skin secretions are acidic which inhibit bacteria. Phagocytes ingest so they dont penetrate deeper

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6
Q

How does the skin protect against UV radiation?

A

Melanin is produced by melancytes and is a protective barrier

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7
Q

How does the skin protect against thermal damage?

A

Contains hot, cold and pain receptors to alert NS

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8
Q

How does the skin protect against desiccation?

A

Contains waterproof keratin.

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9
Q

What is the skin function in excretion?

A

Gets rid of water, salts and inorganic wastes (urea/uric acid)

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10
Q

What is the skin function in thermoregulation?

A

Uses sweating mechanism to regulate body temperature

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11
Q

What is the skin function in synthesis of vitamin D?

A

Modified cholesterol molecules in skin are converted to Vitamin D when skin exposed to UV

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12
Q

What are the sensory perception of skin?

A

Touch, Pain, Pressure and Temperature

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13
Q

What are the layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis, Dermis and Sub-cutaneous layer.

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14
Q

What type of tissue does the Epidermis have?

A

Stratified squamous epithelial and can be keratinising (hard and tough)

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15
Q

What type of tissue does the dermis have?

A

Dense connective tissue

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16
Q

What is the connection between Epidermis and Dermis?

A

They are tightly connected but burn or friction may cause separation (blister).

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17
Q

What is the role of the hypodermis?

A

Anchors skin to underlying organs also acts as a shock absorber and insulates deeper tissue from extreme temperature change. Gives curved surfaces

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18
Q

How many layers dies the Epidermis and Dermis have?

A

The epidermis has 5 layers which are superficial (may be 4). Dermis has 2 layers and is deepest

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of the epidermis?

A

Avasular (no blood supply of own), contains keratinocytes, produces keratin (fibrous protein making tough protective layer)

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20
Q

List the layers of epidermis from deepest to most superficial.

A

Stratum Basale (Germinatiuum), Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Lucidum and Stratum Corneum

21
Q

What are the characteristics of keratinocytes?

A

tough fibrous water repellent protein, provides durable overcoat for body, protects deeper cells from water loss, helps against bio, chem and physical assaults.

22
Q

How often are the cells of the epidermis replaced?

A

Every 35-45 days

23
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

Produces brown pigment which is stimulated by sunlight-tanning.

24
Q

What are the characteristics of melanocytes?

A

Found in Stratum Basale and is a phagocytose pigment. Forms protective pigment over nucleus and shields DNA from UV damage.

25
Q

How is skin cancer formed?

A

excessive sun exposure alters DNA of skin cells.

26
Q

What are the characteristics of the dermis?

A

Rich in nerve fibres, blood vessels, sebaceous glands and sweat glands. They shield and repair injured tissue and are the strong stretchy envelope holding the body together.

27
Q

What are the 2 major regions of the dermis?

A

Papillary (superficial layer) and Reticular (deeper layer)

28
Q

What does the Dermis contain?

A

Nerve endings, sweat glands and hair follicles

29
Q

What supplies the dermis?

A

Blood vessels which dilate or constrict depending on body temperature.

30
Q

What does the papillary layer contain?

A

loose connective tissue, capillaries and sensory nuerons

31
Q

What does the dermal papillae contain?

A

Capillary loops that furnish nutrients to epidermis

32
Q

What are the Meissners Corpuscles?

A

House pain receptors (free nerve endings) and touch receptors

33
Q

What does the reticular(deepest) layer contain?

A

Blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, deep pressure receptors (pacinian corpuscles) and phagocytes

34
Q

What are the characteristics of the Dermis?

A

irregular arrangement of collagen (strength) and elastic (flexibility) fibres, many blood vessels.

35
Q

What are the 3 pigments that contribute to skin colour?

A

kind melanin(yellow, red, brown, black) in epidermis, carotene (orange/yellow) in stratum corneum and o2 bound to haemoglobin in dermal blood vessels

36
Q

What are the accessories for skin?

A

Hair, arrector pili muscles, subaceous glands, sweat glands, nerve endings and nails

37
Q

What is the function of hair on skin?

A

To protect

38
Q

How is hair produced and what are the parts?

A

Produced by hair follicle and formed by division of stratum basale epithelial cells in growth zone (hair bulb matrix) and is flexible epithelial structure. Part enclosed by follicle is root and projecting from skin is shaft.

39
Q

What is the living and dead part of the hair?

A

The bulb (end ) is only living and cells divide rapidly. Bulb lies in dermis/subcutaneous tissue and dead part forms a hard keratin.

40
Q

What is the Arrector Pili Muscle?

A

small muscle that contracts to make hair stand on end

41
Q

What is the sebaceous glands?

A

Ducts that usually empty into hair follicle which provides oily substance (sebum) keeping hair and skin lubricated. Can also kill bacteria

42
Q

What are the types of sweat glands called?

A

Eccrine (most numerous) and Apocrine (sticky secretions)

43
Q

What are the characteristics of the eccrine sweat gland?

A

Most common, thin and watery secretion with smaller coiled glands, assists in cooling and protection and controlled by ANS

44
Q

What are the characteristics of the apocrine sweat gland?

A

Located in axilla, ground and around nipples, coiled glands that communicate with hair follicles, produce sticky cloudy secretions, controlled by ANS and hormones.

45
Q

What sweat does the Eccrine sweat glands produce?

A

Clear, primarily water, some salt, vitamin c, lactic acid and traces of metabolic waste.

46
Q

What sweat does the apocrine sweat glands produce?

A

All from eccrine, fatty acids, proteins, may have odour.

47
Q

What are the characteristics of the nails?

A

From dermal layer, dead tightly compressed cells with keratin, for protection and can be influenced by illness

48
Q

What are the characteristics of the subcutaneous layer?

A

Loose connective tissue with adipose tissue, connects skin to tissues and organs

Anatomy and Physiology (18 decks)

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