The Blessed Event Flashcards
What happens to the mother during pregnancy? HR? BP? Blood Volume? Minute Volume? RR? Tidal Volume?
HR increases BP decreases Blood volume increases Minute volume increases RR increases Tidal volume decreases
In regards to blood volume for a pregnant lady, plasma volume increases by ___. RBC’s increase by ___. What may result due to this?
50%
30%
RBC’s cannot keep pace, so relative amenia. Hemoglobin needs iron so need more iron to populate RBC’s.
Number of times someone has been pregnant?
Gravida
nulli, para, multi
Number of living birthing events?
Para
nulli, para, multi
Two types of abortions?
Spontaneous abortion-miscarriage
Therapeutic abortion-termination of pregnancy by procedure
Period for abortions?
<20 weeks
Questions you should ask for a pregnant woman?
Gravida Para Abortions Gestational age/Estimated date of confinement (EDC) Last menstrual period (LMP) Pain vs contractions Vaginal discharge or bleeding (also ho wmuch) Complications
Stages of labor?
Dilation
Explusion
Placental
After care
Dilation
Time of onset of true labor until the cervix is completely dilated (10 cm)
The pituitary gland produces _____, which starts the process of egg maturation, allowing the follicles to “ripen”
Follicle stimulating hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone
Hormone which starts the process of egg maturation, allowing the follicles to “ripen”
The ovary contains ____, fluid filled sacs that contain eggs
Follicles
Follicles contain ____ and ____
Granulosa cells and oocytes
Granulosa cells
Cells in the follicle that produces hormones, mainly estrogen
Oocyte
Cell that wants to be an egg
Steps in the menstrual cycle until the corpus lutreum is produced
The pituitaty gland produces FSH which stimulates the follicles in the ovary. A follicle becomes a z follicle when the granulosa cells produce estrogen. Estrogen begins to thicken the endometrium. The z follicle becomes a maturing follicle. At this point, the heightened production of estrogen causes a feedback loop to the pituitary gland. FSH is turned off and luitenizing hormone is turned on. An ovum explodes from the now vesticular follicle. The vesticular follicle becomes the corpus lutreum.
Z follicle
Secondary follicle. Estrogren production by the granulosa cells
Estrogen thickening the endometrium in preparation for an egg
Proliferation
Endometrium
Lining of the uterus
Luitenizing hormone
Triggers ovulation
Corpus Lutreum
Oocyte without an ovum
Steps after formation of the corpus lutreum, no fertilization
Corpus lutreum dies and estrogen/progesterone decreases and unterine lining sloughs off. Now FSH gets turned back on (b/c of decrease in estrogen and progesterone production) and LH (luteinizing hormone) is turned off
Purpose of estrogen and progesterone
Triggers the production of prostaglandin in the uterus to prepare the uterus for implantation
Steps after the formaion of the corpus lutreum, egg is fertilized
Fertilized ovum produces hormone called human chrononic gonadotropium (HCG). HCG keeps the corpus lutruem viable. If corpus lutruem is kept around, produces estrogen and progesterone, so now keep endometrium around. Keep FSH shut off.
What is day one of the menstrual cycle?
Onset of bleeding. Discarding egg and uterine lining.
How do birth control pills work?
Birth control pills boost levels of estrogen and progesterone. So no FSH produced. Body thinks it is pregnant.
If you are on birth control pills or pregnant, you produce high levels of estrogen which makes you prone to clots. You are at risk for _____
Pulmonary embolism
Fertilization usually occues in the ____
Fallopian tube
Where is the preferred place for egg implantation?
Upper half of the uterus.
Once the egg attaches to the uterus, it creates a disc that becomes the _____
Placenta
The placenta belongs to the ____ and the endomentrium belongs to the ____
Fetus
Mother
Hollow muscular organ about the size of a female’s fist
Uterus
____directs the egg into the fallopian tube
Fimbrae
Fimbrae
Finger like projections that direct an egg into the fallopian tube
Opening of the uterus itself
Os
Lower part of the uterus in the human female reproductive system.
Cervix
Birth canal
Vagina
Space between the vaginal opning and the anus
Perineum
An egg becomes a ___ after a week or so, then an ____, then after 8 weeks a ____
Zygote
Embroyo
Fetus
Placenta
Where gas exchange occurs. Oxygenated blood goes to the endometrium, de oxygenated blood goes to the placenta. Established an concentration gradient. CO2 goes out of the placenta. Also, where nutrients go to the baby and waste products are gotten rid of.
Many things can cross the ____, such as drugs
Placenta
The ___ surrounds the fetus and is filled with amniotic fluid
Amniotic sac
Until the fetus is born, there is no gas exchange in the lungs. The Aveoli is willed with ____
Amniotic fluid
Ductus arteriorsum
Connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta
Forum ovale
Hole in the atrial/septum. Allows blood to the through the right atrium to the left atrium. Therefore, instrad of going through the pulmonary circuit, blood goes straight to the left atrium
From the placenta, to the baby there is one ____ that is carrying deoxygenated blood to the baby. The oxygenated blood is dumped into the ____ via the _____. Blood goes into the ____ and then is pumped throughout the baby’s body
Pulmonary vein
Inferior vena cava
Ductus venosum
Right atrium
Three things in the fetus for blood circulation due amniotic fluid in the aveoli
1) Forum ovale
2) Ductus ateriosum
3) Two umbilical arteries, one each comes off the iliac arteries. Blood from here interacts with endometrium/concetration gradient. Leads to regulation of oxygen in the fetus.
Two umbilical arteries, one each comes off the iliac arteries. Blood from here interacts with _____. Leads to _____.
Endometrium/concetration gradient
Regulation of oxygen in the fetus.
Third trimester issues
Placenta abruptio
Placenta previa
Uterine rupture
Placenta abruptio definition and risk factors
Placenta prematurely separates from endometrium
Risk factors: trauma, HTN, PIH, multipara, cocaine, smoking, Diabetes
Placenta previa and risk factors
When egg implanted too low to the point where placenta encroaches the cervix
Risk factors: multipara, h/o C-section, maternal age
Uterine rupture
Due to obstructed delivery, prolonged/difficult labor, trauma
Risk factors: prior c-section, large fetus
S/S pregnancy induced hypertension/pre-eclampsia
Risk factors?
Hypertension
> 140/90, or SBP 30 higher/DBP 15 higher than pre-pregnancy
Edema
Proteinuria
Risk factor: diabetes, primagrava, hypertension, maternal age
