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Academy > Respiratory Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The movement of gases across a cell membrane

A

Respiration

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2
Q

Between the alveoli and the capillaries

A

External respiration

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3
Q

Between the capillaries and the cells

A

Internal respiration

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4
Q

Mechanical movement of air in and out of your lungs

A

Ventilation

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5
Q

Superior most portion of the sternum

A

Manubrium

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6
Q

Largest part of the sternum

A

Sternal body

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7
Q

Cartilage, inferior most portion of the sternum

A

Xiphoid process

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8
Q

At what manubriosternal joint does the trachea biferaction occur under?

A

Angle of Louis

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9
Q

_____ runs on the inferior aspect of each rib

A

Neurovascular bundle

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10
Q

Musculature (I-IV)

A

Diaphragm, intercostals, innermost layer, accessory muscles

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11
Q

In an adult, the diaphragm povides ___% of the effort of breathing. In children the diaphragm provides __% of the effort of breathing.

A

60, 75

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12
Q

The diaphragm consists of what muscle type?

A

Involuntary (smooth) and voluntary (skeletal)

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13
Q

What nerve controls the diaphgram?

A

Phrenic nerve

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14
Q

Types of intercostal muscles

A

External intercostals-run anteriorly/inferiorly (towards the front and downwards)
Internal intercostals-run posteriorly/inferiorly

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15
Q

Why do the intercostals run in a criss cross orientation?

A

To lift the rib cage

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16
Q

Innermost layer is arragned_____

A

Vertically

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17
Q

The innermost layer cause the ribcage to get____. Used in _____

A

Smaller

Forced exhalation

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18
Q

Accessory muscles

A

Pectorial, abdominal, neck muscles, sternocledomastoid

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19
Q

The angle of louis iat as the ___ rib attachment point

A

Second

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20
Q

What is the line of demarcation for the upper and lower airways

A

Vocal cords

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21
Q

Increases surface area in the nasal cavity

A

Turbinates

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22
Q

Turbinates contain___ and they are _____. Both of these items contribute to them filtering, warming and humidifying

A

Ciliated goblet cells

Vascular

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23
Q

Purpose of the turbinates

A
  1. Filters
  2. Warm air (because vascular)
  3. Humidifies (goblet cells keep things moist)
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24
Q

Purpose of sinuses

A

Drainage-drains fluid from the nasopharynx
Resonance
Lightens skull

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25
Q

Four sinus areas

A
  1. Frontal sinus
  2. Ethmoid sinus
  3. Spenoid sinus
  4. Maxillary sinus
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26
Q

What two sinus areas give one a headache when one has a sinus infection?

A

Ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses

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27
Q

What connects the middle ear with the sinuses?

A

Eustachian tubes

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28
Q

Superior most portion of the larynx (really in the pharynx), leaf shaped, protects the airway located in the hypopharynx

A

Epiglottis

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29
Q

Largest portion of the larynx, most prominant, known as the “voice box” ecause it houses vocal cords

A

Thyroid cartilage

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30
Q

Circular cartilage, inferior most part of the larynx. Anchor for the trachea

A

Cricoid cartilage

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31
Q

What do you put pressure on if there is gastric distension. If you push on it, it will close off the esophagus

A

Cricoid cartilage

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32
Q

When vocal cords snap shut and prevent air from getting in

A

laryngospasm

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33
Q

Landmark for surgical airways

A

Cricothyroid membrane

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34
Q

Three parts of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx

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35
Q

Upper and lower airway is made of the:

A

Pharynx and larynx

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36
Q

______ are embedded in the epithelial lining of the smooth muscle of the trachea

A

Epithelial goblet cells

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37
Q

Purpose of goblet cells in the trachea?

A

Create mucus and trap debris to filter out debris

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38
Q

Where are the epithelial cells in the trachea?

A

The lining of the lumen

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39
Q

Double layered reflecting serous membrane that covers the lung

A

Pleura

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40
Q

Means produces fluid

A

Serous

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41
Q

Covers the lining of the lung itself

A

Visceral pleura

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42
Q

Layer of the serous membrane that covers the chest wall

A

Parietal pleura

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43
Q

Thin layer of secretion between the visceral and parietal pleura creates _____ that allows the lung to attach to the chest wall

A

Surface tension

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44
Q

What issues may lead to the collapse of the lung due to a lack of surface tension?

A

Chest trauma such as a tension pneumothorax

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45
Q

Difference between left and right lungs

A

Right has a larger diameter (feeding three lobes) and at less of an angle. Left is more horizontal because heart is in the way

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46
Q

If you aspirate, which lung will the item most likely go into?

A

The right lung

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47
Q

Space between the hemithoraxes

A

Mediastenum

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48
Q

Each lung is located in a _____

A

Hemithorax

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49
Q

Items within the mediastenum

A

Esophagus, heart, great vessels, part of the trachea

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50
Q

The great vessels consist of

A

Aorta, pulmonary artery, superior/inferior vena cava, pulmonary viens

51
Q

What we inhale (i.e. room air) consists of:

A

21% oxygen
76% nitrogen
3% other

52
Q

What we exhale consists of:

A

16% oxygen
76% nitrogen
CO2

53
Q

What is the point at which the atmosphere will not support us, deficient in oxygen (i.e. you need to use a breathing apparatus)?

A

19.5%

54
Q

Movement of gases is based on____

A

Diffusion, i.e. a concentration gradient

55
Q

Diffusion occurs until you achieve ____

A

Equilibrium

56
Q

How do we reset the CO2 concentration gradient?

A

Exhaling

57
Q

For respiration, when a steady state is achieved, need to re-set the system. The O2 concentration gradient is re-set when?

A

Whenever the heart beats

58
Q

Cells in the aveoli where gas exchange occurs

A

Type I cells

59
Q

Type I cells have ____that allow gas exchange to occur more easily between type 1 cells and capilliary walls. Makes them more permeable

A

Repiratory membranes

60
Q

Cells in the aveoli that produce surfactant

A

Type II cells

61
Q

Surfactant serves as a ____ for water. Prevents ____

A

Dispersal agent

Surface tension

62
Q

Surface tension in the aveoli will cause ____

A

Atelectasis

63
Q

When is surfactant produced?

A

In the last month of gestation

64
Q

Air that you move in a resting ventillation

A

Tidal volume

65
Q

Minute volume

A

Tidal volume (volume/breath) x Respiratory rate (breath/minute)

66
Q

Average adult minute volume

A

500cc/breath x 16 breaths/minute=8L/minute

67
Q

Areas not in aveoli, where there is no gase exchange

A

Dead space

68
Q

Two types of dead space

A

Anatomic dead space

Physiological dead space

69
Q

Non-aveolar space (trachea, pharynx, etc), approximately 150 cc

A

Anatomic dead space

70
Q

Non functioning aveoli (COPD, pulmonary edema)

A

Physiological dead space

71
Q

Additional reserve air that you can bring in

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

72
Q

Additional air that you can exhale

A

Expiratory reserve volume

73
Q

Air left over after a forced exhalation. Can be around 2L

A

Residual volume

74
Q

Vital capacity+residual volume

A

Total lung capacity

75
Q

IRV+VT+ERV

A

Vital capacity

76
Q

What do we see decrease with air. Makes it more difficult to compenstate when there is an issue, i.e. trauma

A

Vital capacity

77
Q

Factors that increase the work of breathing:

A

Resistence in the respiratory system (bronchoconstriction)
Compliance-loss of elasticity
Surface tension-atelectasis

78
Q

Fraction of inspired O2

A

FiO2 (i.e. FiO2 from air is 0.21)

79
Q

FiO2 if nasal cannula at 3l/m

A

4% per liter/minute->.04x3=.12+FiO2RA .21=.33

80
Q

FiO2 for non-rebreather mask

A

0.95

81
Q

FiO2 for BVM + O2 tank

A

1

82
Q

Receptors that help us mediate breathing are a type of:

A

Neurological control

83
Q

Receptors that help us mediate breathing:

A

Irritant
Stretch receptors
J receptors

84
Q

Receptors that are embedded in the airways. When detects irritant, stimulate a cough. Triggers parasympathetic response

A

Irritant

85
Q

Receptors that are embedded in the aveoli. Designed to prevent overinflation.

A

Stretch receptors

86
Q

What will stretch receptors do if activated?

A

Cause reduction in respiratory rate

Reduce tidal volume

87
Q

Associated with capillary beds. Do not want perfusion as a baby in womb (because lungs filled with liquid), so need to tell brain

A

J receptors

88
Q

What is responsible for regulating breathing

A

Brainstem-pons and medulla

89
Q

The medulla contains the ____ and _____, which are responsible for regulating breathing

A

Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

90
Q

Responsible for normal breathing. Sends out nerve impulses at intervals (2 blasts stimulation, 3 second inactivity)

A

Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

91
Q

Why does the DRG send out nerve impulses at a ration of 2/3

A

Pressure decreases and openig airways. When breath out, airway closes, so spend more time exhaling because the airways are more constricted

92
Q

Inactive during normal respiration. Supplements the DRG

A

Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

93
Q

When stimulate the VRG no longer exhale ____ because accessory muscles activate

A

Passively

94
Q

Inspiratory neurons that help with inspiration

A

VRGi

95
Q

Expiratory neurons that help with expiration

A

VRGe

96
Q

Centers in the pons that helps with breathing:

A

Apneustic center

Pneumotaxic center

97
Q

Stimulated when you are in extremis. Stimulates DRG and VRGi. Purely inspirational

A

Apneustic center

98
Q

Inhibits apneustic center, stimulates VRGe, prevents overinflation

A

Pneumotaxic center

99
Q

The pneumotaxic center is triggered by _____

A

Stretch receptors that feed into the medulla

100
Q

Why may the pons and medulla’s ability to interact be compromised

A

Increasing ICP will push down on brainstem

101
Q

What sort of breathing may result from increasing ICP inhibiting the pons and medulla from interacting properly

A

Cheynes-stokes (cyclic pattern, crescendo like breathing followed by a period of apnea)
Apneustic breathing-heightened inspiration, shortened respiration-gasping because lungs are now overinflated. Usually leads to respiratory arrest
Biot’s breathing-irregular breathing

102
Q

Intercostal nerves exit the spinal cord where?

A

T1-T11

103
Q

Phrenic nerves exit the spinal cord where?

A

C3-C5

104
Q

Chemoreceptors-CO2 drive

A

Hypercarbic drive/hypercapnic drive

105
Q

____ changes in CO2 which result in ___ changes in H+ to create _____large changes in respiration rate

A

Small
Small
Large

106
Q

CO2 goes through the ____ and is then dissolved in ___.

A

Blood brain barrier

CSF

107
Q

The CO2 becomes _____ to create H+. As CO2 increases, the ___ in the blood increases.

A

Carbonic acid

acidity

108
Q

O2 drive

A

Hypoxic drive

109
Q

Is the O2 drive more or less sensitive than the hypercarbic drive?

A

Less

110
Q

At what point are the hypercarbic and hypoxic drive most sensitive?

A

When the are working together

111
Q

Aeorbic equation

A

Glucose+02=energy+CO2+H2O

112
Q

During the first step of metabolism, glucose and 02 react to form:

A

Energy and pyruvate

113
Q

Where do pyruvate and O2 react to form energy+CO2+H20

A

Mitochondria

114
Q

What carries 97% of O2? What happens to the remainign 3%?

A

Hemoglobin

The remaining 3% dissolves in plasma

115
Q

Where does CO2 go?

A

23% binds to hemoglobin
7% is dissolved in plasma
70% dissolved in red blood cells in cytosol

116
Q

Chemical reaction that allows red blood cells to carry CO2 around (dissolved in cytosol)

A

CO2+H20->H2CO3->H+ + HCO3

117
Q

1-14 acid versus basic

A

1=acid

14=basic

118
Q

Blood is what on the pH scale?

A

7.32-7.45 (kind of basic)

119
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A

increased [CO2]+ increased [H+]->increased RR

Trying to blow off more CO2

120
Q

Why does blowing off CO2 make the blood less acidic?

A

To reduce H+ can reduce CO2. Creates room for the reaction to go in the opposite direction, which reduces the H+

121
Q

Metabolic acidosis occurs with

A

ASA, DKA, OD, lactic acid

Also trying to blow of CO2 to reduce acidity

122
Q

If you hyperventillate, what issue may arise when it comes to the hypercarbic drive?

A

Respiratory aklylotic
If you hyperventillate without a respiratory pathology, it will cause the amount of CO2 in your blood ot drop, and will cause the amount of H+ to drop and make you alkaladic (more basic)
increase RR->decrease [CO2] + decrease [H+]

123
Q

[CO2]+[H+]->RR is a ____ equation

A

Buffer

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