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Academy > Abdomial Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Abdomial Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The intraperitoneal cavity contains what type of organs?

A

Organs of digestion (liver, stomach, intesties, spleen, pancreas).

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2
Q

The intraperitonal cavity is enveloped by the ____

A

Peritineum

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3
Q

Part of the intraperitoneal cavity that is surrounded by the pelvis

A

Pelvic cavity. Not a physical separation but arbitrary

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4
Q

What organs are in the retroperitoneal cavity?

A

Kidneys, large vessels, aorta, vena cava, part of the pancreas, part of the duodeum

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5
Q

Peritoneum

A

Double layered self reflecting serous membrane in the abdomen

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6
Q

Layers of the peritoneum

A

Visceral

Parietal

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7
Q

The visceral peritoneum covers the ____

A

Organs

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8
Q

The parietal peritoneum covers the ____

A

Abdominal wall

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9
Q

Both layers of the peritoneum are highly ____. What is the result if the peritoneum is injured/inflammed?

A

Innervated

If injured or inflammed, tend to know about it

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10
Q

Omentum

A

Layer of fatty tissue that protects the abdominal organs. Associated with the peritoneum and is very vascular

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11
Q

Layer of fatty tissue that protects the abdominal organs. Associated with the peritoneum and is very vascular

A

Omentum

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12
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum

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13
Q

Peristalsis

A

Wavelike contraction of a hollow organ, classically the intestines. Common in tubular organs

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14
Q

Ileus

A

Cessation of perstalsis. Indication of peritonitis in an effect to project the organs.

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15
Q

Enzyme in saliva that starts digestion and breaks down starches into sugars

A

Ptyalin

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16
Q

Exocrine gland that is the largest salivary gland

A

Parotid gland

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17
Q

Two valves on the top and bottom of the esophagus

A

Upper esophageal sphincter

Lower esophageal sphincter, i.e. the cardiac sphincter

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18
Q

The esophagus passes through a hole in the diaphragm called the ____

A

Hiatus

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19
Q

The esophagus is made of ____ muscle

A

Smooth

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20
Q

The stomach is located where?

A

Left Upper Quadrant, partly in the Right Upper Quadrant

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21
Q

The area where the stomach is is called the ____

A

Epigastarum

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22
Q

The stomach produces ____ that keeps the PH below 7

A

Hydochloric acid

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23
Q

Cells that produce mucus in the stomach that serve as a source of protection

A

Goblet cells

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24
Q

Digestive enzymes in the stomach

A

Hydrochloric acid, pepsin and gastrin

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25
Q

Milky white substance that is a combination of digestive enzymes and food. Acidic suspension

A

Chyme

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26
Q

Distant portion of the stomach

A

Pyloris

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27
Q

Sphincter that regulates flow from the pyloric region in the stomach

A

Pyloric sphincter

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28
Q

Where is the liver located

A

RUQ into the LUQ

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29
Q

Five functions of the liver

A

1) Glycogen/fat (glucose storage)
2) Detoxify
3) Immunoglobulins
4) Plasma proteins
5) Bile stored in gall bladder emulsifies fat

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30
Q

Location and orientation of the pancreas

A

LUQ into the RUQ. Oriented retroperitoneally

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31
Q

The bulk of the pancreas is an ____ gland. The pancreas is mostly made up of ____ cells.

A

Exocrine

Acinar

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32
Q

The pancreas meets up with the ____

A

Duodenum

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33
Q

Acinar cells produce a series of enzymes, which are?

Purpose of enzymes?

A

Pancrease and amylase further assist with digestive process

Bicarbonate (HCO3-) neutralizes the chyme

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34
Q

The gall bladder produces ____ which is sent from the gall bladder to the duodenum via the _____. The ___helps with the ___ and serves as a _____.

A

Bile
Common bile duct
bile, digestive process, buffer for the chyme

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35
Q

Location of the duodenum?

A

Starts in the RUQ then makes hairpin turn posterioly and enters the retroperitoneal cavity.

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36
Q

Three parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, jejunum and illeum

37
Q

Where is the jejunum located? What is its purpose?

A

In all four quadrants

Absorption

38
Q

Small fingerlike projections that increase the surface area in the jejunum.

A

Micovilli

39
Q

The illeum is located where?

A

Lower quadrants

40
Q

Controls stuff from the small intestines (specifically the illeum) to the large intestines (colon)

A

Iliocecal sphincter

41
Q

Seven parts of the large intestine:

A 
Cecum
Ascending colon (RLQ-RUQ)
Transverse colon (RUQ-LUQ)
Descending colon (LUQ-LLQ)
Sigmoid colon (LLQ-mid)
Rectum
Anus
42
Q

The ___ is attached to the cecum

A

Appendix

43
Q

What is the purpose of the large intestine?

A

Aborbs water, dessication, forms stool

44
Q

Kidneys are located in the ______ space

A

retroperitoneal

45
Q

Purpose of the kidneys

A

Filtration of blood, water balance and electroyte balance

46
Q

Outer portion of the kidney?

Middle portion of the kidney?

A

Renal cortex

Renal medulla

47
Q

The kidney produces ___ which is the filtrate.

A

Urine

48
Q

Urine from the medulla dumps into the ____ then goes to the ___ the out to the ____

A

Calyx
Ureter
Urinary bladder

49
Q

Functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron

50
Q

Components of the nephron

A

Renal corpuscle (glomerus and bowman’s capsule), proximal tubule, loop of henle, distal tubule

51
Q

The renal corpusle is made up of ___ and ____.

A

Glomerulus-coil of blood

Bowman’s capsule-not blood vessels. Will filtration occurs

52
Q

Collecting tubule purpose

A

Brings urine to the calyx. Drainage from multuple nephrons

53
Q

Stuff is filter out at the renal corpsule. Begin re-absorbing things you need into the blood vessels surrounding the nephrons:
Proximal:
Loop of Henle:
Distal:

A

Salt and water
Water
Water and potassum

54
Q

Ateriole that goes into the glomerulus

A

Renal arteriole

55
Q

How does absorption occur in the Bowman’s capsule?

A

In coil of capillaries have hydrostatic pressure, pressure exerted by the contents of vessel on the walls. Based on pressure push out fluid. Fluid contains stuff that want to get rid of.

56
Q

Explain the kidneys and blood pressure

A

ACE not interested in angiotensinogen. When BP drops because there is not enough hydrostatic pressure to filter properly) kidneys release renin into blood. Renin changes angioteninogen into angiotensin I. ACE is attracted to angiotensin I. When ACE and angiotenin I meet up, create angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor

57
Q

What does an ACE inhibitor do? What is a type of ACE inhibitor?

A

Inhibits ACE so do produe as much angiotensin II

Lisinopril

58
Q

Blood in urine

A

Hematuria

59
Q

Dark stool is called what?

Indicates what?

A

Melena

Upper GI or slow lower GI issue

60
Q

Bright blood from rectrum is called what?

Indicates what?

A

Hematochezia

Hemoroids, pollups, colon cancer

61
Q

Blood in vomit is called what?
Two types?
What does it indicate?

A

Hematemesis
Bright red or coffee grounds
Coffee grounds indicate slower bleed because it is digested

62
Q

Cullen’s sign

A 
Periumbilical ecchymosis (bruising). Indicates intraabdominal bleed
Common sign in ectopic pregnancies
63
Q

Grey’s Turner’s sign

A

Flank ecchymosis. Indicates a retroperitoneal bleed

64
Q

In orthostatics, concerned about what changes?

A

Decrease in SBP >20

Increase in HR >20

65
Q

Types of abdominal pain:

A

Visceral pain, parietal (somatic) pain, colicky pain

66
Q

Visceral pain indicates what?

A

Organ involvement. Organs of the belly are poorly innervated. Therefore, the pain is characterized as “dull”, “ache”, diffuse, variable severity, constant or intermittent.

67
Q

Visceral pain will often result in ____ pain

A

Referred

68
Q

Referred pain

A

Primitive nerve tracts from abdominal organs. Corss in the spinal cord with nerves from other parts of the body. Brain is getting confusing messages.

69
Q

Referred pain in the RUQ

A

Murphy’s sign-gall bladder and Liver, right shoulder pain

70
Q

Referred pain in the LUQ

A

Kehr’s sign-spleen, left shoulder

71
Q

Parietal (somatic) pain indicates what?

A

Peritoneum involvement

Peritoneal pain caused by peritonitus

72
Q

The peritoneum is highly _____. Result of this?

A

Innervated. Pain is localized, constant, increase with movement and palpation, sharp. Stomach may be rigid

73
Q

Rebound tenderness:

A

When palpate stomach and it hurts more when let go

74
Q

Rebound tenderness is associated with what kind of abdominal pain?

A

Parietal (somatic) pain

75
Q

Two tests to determine rebound tenderness

A

Hell jar test

Markle test

76
Q

With rebound tenderness pain tend to see what signs?

A

Cullen’s sign and Grey Turner’s sign

77
Q

Colicky pain is caused by:

A

An obstruction of a hollow organ

78
Q

When a hollow organ is obstructed, what movement results?

A

Peristalsis

79
Q

Pain associated with peristalsis

A

Intermittent, wave-like, cramping, no position of comfort, variable severity, no rigidity

80
Q

Life threatening causes of abdominal pain

A

Ulcers
Esophageal varices
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Ectopic pregnancy

81
Q

Ulcer

A

Erosion of the gastric lining. Epigastric pain, burning sensation

82
Q

Type of ulcers

A

Perforated-erosion has gone through gastric wall. Will have bleeding into the abdominal cavity that will cause peritonitis
Gastric-pain 5-10 minutes after meal
Esophageal-common with GERD, pain when shallowing food
Duodenal-pain 1 hour after meal. Decreases after food passes

83
Q

Bleeding associated with ulcers

A

Hematemsis, melena

84
Q

Predisposition for ulcer

A

EtOH, H pylorii, stress, NSAID

85
Q

Esophageal varices

A

Due to portal hypertension due to swollen liver. Mostly cirrhosis

86
Q

AAA-location, pain

A

Just below the renal arteries, LUQ, periumbilical

87
Q

AAA predispositions

A

Hypertension, elderly, atherosclerosis, genetics (marfanism), syphillis

88
Q

When do ectopic pregnancies occur?

A

6-12 weeks after gestation

89
Q

When do ectopic pregnancies need to be considered as a differential for unilateral suprapubic pain?

A

Females <50

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