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Abdomial Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The intraperitoneal cavity contains what type of organs?

A

Organs of digestion (liver, stomach, intesties, spleen, pancreas).

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2
Q

The intraperitonal cavity is enveloped by the ____

A

Peritineum

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3
Q

Part of the intraperitoneal cavity that is surrounded by the pelvis

A

Pelvic cavity. Not a physical separation but arbitrary

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4
Q

What organs are in the retroperitoneal cavity?

A

Kidneys, large vessels, aorta, vena cava, part of the pancreas, part of the duodeum

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5
Q

Peritoneum

A

Double layered self reflecting serous membrane in the abdomen

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6
Q

Layers of the peritoneum

A

Visceral

Parietal

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7
Q

The visceral peritoneum covers the ____

A

Organs

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8
Q

The parietal peritoneum covers the ____

A

Abdominal wall

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9
Q

Both layers of the peritoneum are highly ____. What is the result if the peritoneum is injured/inflammed?

A

Innervated

If injured or inflammed, tend to know about it

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10
Q

Omentum

A

Layer of fatty tissue that protects the abdominal organs. Associated with the peritoneum and is very vascular

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11
Q

Layer of fatty tissue that protects the abdominal organs. Associated with the peritoneum and is very vascular

A

Omentum

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12
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum

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13
Q

Peristalsis

A

Wavelike contraction of a hollow organ, classically the intestines. Common in tubular organs

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14
Q

Ileus

A

Cessation of perstalsis. Indication of peritonitis in an effect to project the organs.

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15
Q

Enzyme in saliva that starts digestion and breaks down starches into sugars

A

Ptyalin

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16
Q

Exocrine gland that is the largest salivary gland

A

Parotid gland

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17
Q

Two valves on the top and bottom of the esophagus

A

Upper esophageal sphincter

Lower esophageal sphincter, i.e. the cardiac sphincter

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18
Q

The esophagus passes through a hole in the diaphragm called the ____

A

Hiatus

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19
Q

The esophagus is made of ____ muscle

A

Smooth

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20
Q

The stomach is located where?

A

Left Upper Quadrant, partly in the Right Upper Quadrant

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21
Q

The area where the stomach is is called the ____

A

Epigastarum

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22
Q

The stomach produces ____ that keeps the PH below 7

A

Hydochloric acid

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23
Q

Cells that produce mucus in the stomach that serve as a source of protection

A

Goblet cells

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24
Q

Digestive enzymes in the stomach

A

Hydrochloric acid, pepsin and gastrin

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25
Milky white substance that is a combination of digestive enzymes and food. Acidic suspension
Chyme
26
Distant portion of the stomach
Pyloris
27
Sphincter that regulates flow from the pyloric region in the stomach
Pyloric sphincter
28
Where is the liver located
RUQ into the LUQ
29
Five functions of the liver
1) Glycogen/fat (glucose storage) 2) Detoxify 3) Immunoglobulins 4) Plasma proteins 5) Bile stored in gall bladder emulsifies fat
30
Location and orientation of the pancreas
LUQ into the RUQ. Oriented retroperitoneally
31
The bulk of the pancreas is an ____ gland. The pancreas is mostly made up of ____ cells.
Exocrine | Acinar
32
The pancreas meets up with the ____
Duodenum
33
Acinar cells produce a series of enzymes, which are? | Purpose of enzymes?
Pancrease and amylase further assist with digestive process | Bicarbonate (HCO3-) neutralizes the chyme
34
The gall bladder produces ____ which is sent from the gall bladder to the duodenum via the _____. The ___helps with the ___ and serves as a _____.
Bile Common bile duct bile, digestive process, buffer for the chyme
35
Location of the duodenum?
Starts in the RUQ then makes hairpin turn posterioly and enters the retroperitoneal cavity.
36
Three parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum, jejunum and illeum
37
Where is the jejunum located? What is its purpose?
In all four quadrants | Absorption
38
Small fingerlike projections that increase the surface area in the jejunum.
Micovilli
39
The illeum is located where?
Lower quadrants
40
Controls stuff from the small intestines (specifically the illeum) to the large intestines (colon)
Iliocecal sphincter
41
Seven parts of the large intestine:
``` Cecum Ascending colon (RLQ-RUQ) Transverse colon (RUQ-LUQ) Descending colon (LUQ-LLQ) Sigmoid colon (LLQ-mid) Rectum Anus ```
42
The ___ is attached to the cecum
Appendix
43
What is the purpose of the large intestine?
Aborbs water, dessication, forms stool
44
Kidneys are located in the ______ space
retroperitoneal
45
Purpose of the kidneys
Filtration of blood, water balance and electroyte balance
46
Outer portion of the kidney? | Middle portion of the kidney?
Renal cortex | Renal medulla
47
The kidney produces ___ which is the filtrate.
Urine
48
Urine from the medulla dumps into the ____ then goes to the ___ the out to the ____
Calyx Ureter Urinary bladder
49
Functional unit of the kidney
Nephron
50
Components of the nephron
Renal corpuscle (glomerus and bowman's capsule), proximal tubule, loop of henle, distal tubule
51
The renal corpusle is made up of ___ and ____.
Glomerulus-coil of blood | Bowman's capsule-not blood vessels. Will filtration occurs
52
Collecting tubule purpose
Brings urine to the calyx. Drainage from multuple nephrons
53
Stuff is filter out at the renal corpsule. Begin re-absorbing things you need into the blood vessels surrounding the nephrons: Proximal: Loop of Henle: Distal:
Salt and water Water Water and potassum
54
Ateriole that goes into the glomerulus
Renal arteriole
55
How does absorption occur in the Bowman's capsule?
In coil of capillaries have hydrostatic pressure, pressure exerted by the contents of vessel on the walls. Based on pressure push out fluid. Fluid contains stuff that want to get rid of.
56
Explain the kidneys and blood pressure
ACE not interested in angiotensinogen. When BP drops because there is not enough hydrostatic pressure to filter properly) kidneys release renin into blood. Renin changes angioteninogen into angiotensin I. ACE is attracted to angiotensin I. When ACE and angiotenin I meet up, create angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor
57
What does an ACE inhibitor do? What is a type of ACE inhibitor?
Inhibits ACE so do produe as much angiotensin II | Lisinopril
58
Blood in urine
Hematuria
59
Dark stool is called what? | Indicates what?
Melena | Upper GI or slow lower GI issue
60
Bright blood from rectrum is called what? | Indicates what?
Hematochezia | Hemoroids, pollups, colon cancer
61
Blood in vomit is called what? Two types? What does it indicate?
Hematemesis Bright red or coffee grounds Coffee grounds indicate slower bleed because it is digested
62
Cullen's sign
``` Periumbilical ecchymosis (bruising). Indicates intraabdominal bleed Common sign in ectopic pregnancies ```
63
Grey's Turner's sign
Flank ecchymosis. Indicates a retroperitoneal bleed
64
In orthostatics, concerned about what changes?
Decrease in SBP >20 | Increase in HR >20
65
Types of abdominal pain:
Visceral pain, parietal (somatic) pain, colicky pain
66
Visceral pain indicates what?
Organ involvement. Organs of the belly are poorly innervated. Therefore, the pain is characterized as "dull", "ache", diffuse, variable severity, constant or intermittent.
67
Visceral pain will often result in ____ pain
Referred
68
Referred pain
Primitive nerve tracts from abdominal organs. Corss in the spinal cord with nerves from other parts of the body. Brain is getting confusing messages.
69
Referred pain in the RUQ
Murphy's sign-gall bladder and Liver, right shoulder pain
70
Referred pain in the LUQ
Kehr's sign-spleen, left shoulder
71
Parietal (somatic) pain indicates what?
Peritoneum involvement | Peritoneal pain caused by peritonitus
72
The peritoneum is highly _____. Result of this?
Innervated. Pain is localized, constant, increase with movement and palpation, sharp. Stomach may be rigid
73
Rebound tenderness:
When palpate stomach and it hurts more when let go
74
Rebound tenderness is associated with what kind of abdominal pain?
Parietal (somatic) pain
75
Two tests to determine rebound tenderness
Hell jar test | Markle test
76
With rebound tenderness pain tend to see what signs?
Cullen's sign and Grey Turner's sign
77
Colicky pain is caused by:
An obstruction of a hollow organ
78
When a hollow organ is obstructed, what movement results?
Peristalsis
79
Pain associated with peristalsis
Intermittent, wave-like, cramping, no position of comfort, variable severity, no rigidity
80
Life threatening causes of abdominal pain
Ulcers Esophageal varices Abdominal aortic aneurysm Ectopic pregnancy
81
Ulcer
Erosion of the gastric lining. Epigastric pain, burning sensation
82
Type of ulcers
Perforated-erosion has gone through gastric wall. Will have bleeding into the abdominal cavity that will cause peritonitis Gastric-pain 5-10 minutes after meal Esophageal-common with GERD, pain when shallowing food Duodenal-pain 1 hour after meal. Decreases after food passes
83
Bleeding associated with ulcers
Hematemsis, melena
84
Predisposition for ulcer
EtOH, H pylorii, stress, NSAID
85
Esophageal varices
Due to portal hypertension due to swollen liver. Mostly cirrhosis
86
AAA-location, pain
Just below the renal arteries, LUQ, periumbilical
87
AAA predispositions
Hypertension, elderly, atherosclerosis, genetics (marfanism), syphillis
88
When do ectopic pregnancies occur?
6-12 weeks after gestation
89
When do ectopic pregnancies need to be considered as a differential for unilateral suprapubic pain?
Females <50

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