Abdomial Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
The intraperitoneal cavity contains what type of organs?
Organs of digestion (liver, stomach, intesties, spleen, pancreas).
The intraperitonal cavity is enveloped by the ____
Peritineum
Part of the intraperitoneal cavity that is surrounded by the pelvis
Pelvic cavity. Not a physical separation but arbitrary
What organs are in the retroperitoneal cavity?
Kidneys, large vessels, aorta, vena cava, part of the pancreas, part of the duodeum
Peritoneum
Double layered self reflecting serous membrane in the abdomen
Layers of the peritoneum
Visceral
Parietal
The visceral peritoneum covers the ____
Organs
The parietal peritoneum covers the ____
Abdominal wall
Both layers of the peritoneum are highly ____. What is the result if the peritoneum is injured/inflammed?
Innervated
If injured or inflammed, tend to know about it
Omentum
Layer of fatty tissue that protects the abdominal organs. Associated with the peritoneum and is very vascular
Layer of fatty tissue that protects the abdominal organs. Associated with the peritoneum and is very vascular
Omentum
Peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum
Peristalsis
Wavelike contraction of a hollow organ, classically the intestines. Common in tubular organs
Ileus
Cessation of perstalsis. Indication of peritonitis in an effect to project the organs.
Enzyme in saliva that starts digestion and breaks down starches into sugars
Ptyalin
Exocrine gland that is the largest salivary gland
Parotid gland
Two valves on the top and bottom of the esophagus
Upper esophageal sphincter
Lower esophageal sphincter, i.e. the cardiac sphincter
The esophagus passes through a hole in the diaphragm called the ____
Hiatus
The esophagus is made of ____ muscle
Smooth
The stomach is located where?
Left Upper Quadrant, partly in the Right Upper Quadrant
The area where the stomach is is called the ____
Epigastarum
The stomach produces ____ that keeps the PH below 7
Hydochloric acid
Cells that produce mucus in the stomach that serve as a source of protection
Goblet cells
Digestive enzymes in the stomach
Hydrochloric acid, pepsin and gastrin
Milky white substance that is a combination of digestive enzymes and food. Acidic suspension
Chyme
Distant portion of the stomach
Pyloris
Sphincter that regulates flow from the pyloric region in the stomach
Pyloric sphincter
Where is the liver located
RUQ into the LUQ
Five functions of the liver
1) Glycogen/fat (glucose storage)
2) Detoxify
3) Immunoglobulins
4) Plasma proteins
5) Bile stored in gall bladder emulsifies fat
Location and orientation of the pancreas
LUQ into the RUQ. Oriented retroperitoneally
The bulk of the pancreas is an ____ gland. The pancreas is mostly made up of ____ cells.
Exocrine
Acinar
The pancreas meets up with the ____
Duodenum
Acinar cells produce a series of enzymes, which are?
Purpose of enzymes?
Pancrease and amylase further assist with digestive process
Bicarbonate (HCO3-) neutralizes the chyme
The gall bladder produces ____ which is sent from the gall bladder to the duodenum via the _____. The ___helps with the ___ and serves as a _____.
Bile
Common bile duct
bile, digestive process, buffer for the chyme
Location of the duodenum?
Starts in the RUQ then makes hairpin turn posterioly and enters the retroperitoneal cavity.
Three parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum, jejunum and illeum
Where is the jejunum located? What is its purpose?
In all four quadrants
Absorption
Small fingerlike projections that increase the surface area in the jejunum.
Micovilli
The illeum is located where?
Lower quadrants
Controls stuff from the small intestines (specifically the illeum) to the large intestines (colon)
Iliocecal sphincter
Seven parts of the large intestine:
Cecum Ascending colon (RLQ-RUQ) Transverse colon (RUQ-LUQ) Descending colon (LUQ-LLQ) Sigmoid colon (LLQ-mid) Rectum Anus
The ___ is attached to the cecum
Appendix
What is the purpose of the large intestine?
Aborbs water, dessication, forms stool
Kidneys are located in the ______ space
retroperitoneal
Purpose of the kidneys
Filtration of blood, water balance and electroyte balance
Outer portion of the kidney?
Middle portion of the kidney?
Renal cortex
Renal medulla
The kidney produces ___ which is the filtrate.
Urine
Urine from the medulla dumps into the ____ then goes to the ___ the out to the ____
Calyx
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Functional unit of the kidney
Nephron
Components of the nephron
Renal corpuscle (glomerus and bowman’s capsule), proximal tubule, loop of henle, distal tubule
The renal corpusle is made up of ___ and ____.
Glomerulus-coil of blood
Bowman’s capsule-not blood vessels. Will filtration occurs
Collecting tubule purpose
Brings urine to the calyx. Drainage from multuple nephrons
Stuff is filter out at the renal corpsule. Begin re-absorbing things you need into the blood vessels surrounding the nephrons:
Proximal:
Loop of Henle:
Distal:
Salt and water
Water
Water and potassum
Ateriole that goes into the glomerulus
Renal arteriole
How does absorption occur in the Bowman’s capsule?
In coil of capillaries have hydrostatic pressure, pressure exerted by the contents of vessel on the walls. Based on pressure push out fluid. Fluid contains stuff that want to get rid of.
Explain the kidneys and blood pressure
ACE not interested in angiotensinogen. When BP drops because there is not enough hydrostatic pressure to filter properly) kidneys release renin into blood. Renin changes angioteninogen into angiotensin I. ACE is attracted to angiotensin I. When ACE and angiotenin I meet up, create angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor
What does an ACE inhibitor do? What is a type of ACE inhibitor?
Inhibits ACE so do produe as much angiotensin II
Lisinopril
Blood in urine
Hematuria
Dark stool is called what?
Indicates what?
Melena
Upper GI or slow lower GI issue
Bright blood from rectrum is called what?
Indicates what?
Hematochezia
Hemoroids, pollups, colon cancer
Blood in vomit is called what?
Two types?
What does it indicate?
Hematemesis
Bright red or coffee grounds
Coffee grounds indicate slower bleed because it is digested
Cullen’s sign
Periumbilical ecchymosis (bruising). Indicates intraabdominal bleed Common sign in ectopic pregnancies
Grey’s Turner’s sign
Flank ecchymosis. Indicates a retroperitoneal bleed
In orthostatics, concerned about what changes?
Decrease in SBP >20
Increase in HR >20
Types of abdominal pain:
Visceral pain, parietal (somatic) pain, colicky pain
Visceral pain indicates what?
Organ involvement. Organs of the belly are poorly innervated. Therefore, the pain is characterized as “dull”, “ache”, diffuse, variable severity, constant or intermittent.
Visceral pain will often result in ____ pain
Referred
Referred pain
Primitive nerve tracts from abdominal organs. Corss in the spinal cord with nerves from other parts of the body. Brain is getting confusing messages.
Referred pain in the RUQ
Murphy’s sign-gall bladder and Liver, right shoulder pain
Referred pain in the LUQ
Kehr’s sign-spleen, left shoulder
Parietal (somatic) pain indicates what?
Peritoneum involvement
Peritoneal pain caused by peritonitus
The peritoneum is highly _____. Result of this?
Innervated. Pain is localized, constant, increase with movement and palpation, sharp. Stomach may be rigid
Rebound tenderness:
When palpate stomach and it hurts more when let go
Rebound tenderness is associated with what kind of abdominal pain?
Parietal (somatic) pain
Two tests to determine rebound tenderness
Hell jar test
Markle test
With rebound tenderness pain tend to see what signs?
Cullen’s sign and Grey Turner’s sign
Colicky pain is caused by:
An obstruction of a hollow organ
When a hollow organ is obstructed, what movement results?
Peristalsis
Pain associated with peristalsis
Intermittent, wave-like, cramping, no position of comfort, variable severity, no rigidity
Life threatening causes of abdominal pain
Ulcers
Esophageal varices
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Ectopic pregnancy
Ulcer
Erosion of the gastric lining. Epigastric pain, burning sensation
Type of ulcers
Perforated-erosion has gone through gastric wall. Will have bleeding into the abdominal cavity that will cause peritonitis
Gastric-pain 5-10 minutes after meal
Esophageal-common with GERD, pain when shallowing food
Duodenal-pain 1 hour after meal. Decreases after food passes
Bleeding associated with ulcers
Hematemsis, melena
Predisposition for ulcer
EtOH, H pylorii, stress, NSAID
Esophageal varices
Due to portal hypertension due to swollen liver. Mostly cirrhosis
AAA-location, pain
Just below the renal arteries, LUQ, periumbilical
AAA predispositions
Hypertension, elderly, atherosclerosis, genetics (marfanism), syphillis
When do ectopic pregnancies occur?
6-12 weeks after gestation
When do ectopic pregnancies need to be considered as a differential for unilateral suprapubic pain?
Females <50
