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Academy > Allergy and Immunology > Flashcards

Allergy and Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Triggers the immune system to do something

A

Antigen (Ag)

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2
Q

Antigen that triggers the specific/exaggerated immune response

A

Allergen

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3
Q

IgE

A

Immunoglobin E

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4
Q

Normal Immune Response Steps

A

1-Antigen enters the body
2-Lympocytes recognized antigen as bad
3-Lympocytes produce antibody (IgE) specific to antigen
4-Antibody coats and binds to antigen, i.e. “tags” the antigen(creating Ab-Ag complex)
5-Free antibodies can circulate and attached to mast cells and basophiles
6-Other WBC eliminate the Ab-Ag complex

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5
Q

Specialized cells embedded in tissue. Recognize and respond to injury. Respond by inflammation. Local reaction

A

Mast cells

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6
Q

Special cells that are “on the go”, in the blood circulating

A

Basophils

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7
Q

Allergy immune response steps

A

1- Allergen recognized by “allergy” lymphocyte
2-Allergy antibody produced
3-Antibody coats and brings to allergen
4-Antibody from prior exposures remain bound to mast cells and basophils
5-Allergen attached to antibody bound cells
6-Cells (mast cells and basophils) degranulate

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8
Q

When mast cells and basophils degranulate due to the allergen attaching to the antibody what spills out?

A

Histamines, prostaglondins, leukothrenes

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9
Q

What are the chemicals that produce the signs and symptoms of the allergic reaction?

A

Histamines, prostaglondins, leukothrenes

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10
Q

Type one sensitivity reaction

A 
Skin: Urticaria
Eyes: Conjunctivitis
Nasopharynx: rhinorrhea
Pulmonary: Asthma, bronchitis, stridor
GI: gastroenteritis
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11
Q

Onset (timing) of anaphalytic reaction

A

15-30 minutes from initial exposure

Delayed-15-30 minutes

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12
Q

Secondary reaction-definition and timing

A

Biphasic respone

Recur up to 4 hours after initial phase resolves

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13
Q

Nasal secretions

A

rhinorrhea

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14
Q

Histamine effects

A 
Bronchoconstriction (due to increased mucus production)
Peripheral vasodilation (increased permeability)
Coronary vasoconstriction
Intestinal smooth muscle contraction
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15
Q

Causes of peripheral vasodilation

A

1) Edema

2) Drop in blood pressure

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16
Q

Histamine-results

A

Wheezing, tightness
Swelling
Dysrhythmias
Abdominal cramps

17
Q

Types of swelling

A

Facial edema, stridor, urticaria, itching, hypotension

18
Q

Dysrhythmias associated with histamine results

A

Tachycardia

Atrial fibrillation

19
Q

Fast onset of an increase in local vascular permeability in subcutaneous or submucosal tissue

A

Angioedema

20
Q

Physiology of angioedema

A

Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction (IgE and mast cells mediated)
Heredity angioedema and ACE-I induced (bradykinin and Complement mediated reaction)

21
Q

An allergic reaction is a Type ___ Hypersensitivity reaction

A

One

22
Q

Types of hypersensitivity reactions

A

I: Allergy
II: Cytotoxic reaction (hemolysis due to blood type)
III: Immune complex disease
IV: Delayed type hypersensitivity reaction
V: Autoimmune reaction

23
Q

Most common allergens

A

Food (4-5% children): Mike, egg, soy, wheat, peanut, tree nuts, fish, crustaceons
Insect bites
Medications: antibiotics, ACE-I

24
Q

Reaction that does not require antibody production to mediate allergic reaction. Allergen stimulates the mast cell directly

A

Anaphylactoid reaction

25
Q

Anaphylactic is an ____ mediated reaction

Anaphylactoid is an ____ mediated reaction

A

Antibody

Allergen

26
Q

Anaphylactoid reactions result in a reaction upon the ___ exposure

A

First

27
Q

Anaphylactoid reactions may result from:

A

Opiates, mannitol (form of sugar), radiocontrast dyes, NSAIDs

28
Q

Treatment for Anaphylactic versus anaphylactoid reactions

A

Treatment is the same because trying to counteract chemicals (i.e. histamine) mast cells and basophils release

29
Q

Epi protocol

A

.3 mg adult (over 55 lbs)
.15 children (under 55 lbs)
6 months-65 years (standing order)
Pedi-med control for 2nd dose

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