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Academy > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

Gland

A

Tissue that secretes something

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2
Q

Ducted gland that covers body surface or cavity

A

Exocrine gland

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3
Q

Ductless gland that secretes into surrounding tissue or the bloodstream

A

Endocrine gland

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4
Q

Exocrine gland examples

A

Oil, salivary and sweat glands. Pancreas

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5
Q

Endocrine examples

A

Pancreas, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid

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6
Q

Glands secrete chemical messengers called ____

A

Hormones

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7
Q

What is a hormone?

A

Chemical messenger that triggers other chemical events in the body. Keeps body in homeostasis

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8
Q

Protein hormone:

A

Made out of amino acids chains called peptides. Cannot dissolve through the cell membrane easily. Makes proteins ideal for binding with cell surfaces

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9
Q

Hormone proteins target ____

A

Cell surface

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10
Q

Hormone proteins are the “____”

A

First messenger

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11
Q

First messenger

A

Binds to cell membranes that triggers another chemical reaction in the cell membrane. The chemical in the cell membrane is the second messenger.

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12
Q

Second messenger

A

The chemical in the cell membrane triggered by the first messenger when it comes to protein hormones.

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13
Q

Effects of protein hormones

A

Rapid acting
Cell activity
Water soluble

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14
Q

Peptide

A

Strings of amino acids arranged in a special way (i.e. insulin)

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15
Q

Hormones can be ___ or ____

A

Proteins and lipids

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16
Q

Lipids

A

Fat

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17
Q

Lipids are intercellular, meaning __________

A

They dissolve through the cell membrane

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18
Q

Why are lipids intercellar (able to dissolve through the cell membrane)?

A

The cell membrane is a lipid cell membrane

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19
Q

Amino acids combine to form ____

A

Proteins

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20
Q

Lipid hormones can be ____ or ____

A

Cholesterol, fatty acids

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21
Q

Effects of lipid hormones

A

Slower acting
Stimulates genetic machinary for synthesis
Fat soluble

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22
Q

Insulin is a type of ____ hormone

A

Protein

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23
Q

Types of protein/amino acid hormones

A

Epi, nor epi, thyroid

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24
Q

Type of lipid/cholestrol hormone

Type of lipid/fatty acid hormone

A

Steroids

Prostaglandins

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25
Q

The hypothalmus stimulates/inhibits the ___ gland

A

Pituitary

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26
Q

“Master Gland”

A

Pituitary gland

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27
Q

Pituitary gland produces what three hormones?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone

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28
Q

Thyroid does what?

A

Metabolism

Produces T4, T3 and calcitonin (deposits serum calcium into bone)

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29
Q

Hormone that reduces circulatory serum calcium by making deposits into bone?

A

Calcitonin (produced by the thyroid)

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30
Q

Parathyroid does what?

A

Produces parathyroid hormone which increases serum calcium in the blood. Will pull the calcium out of the bone

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31
Q

What hormone increases the serum calcium in the blood by pulling calcium out of the bone?

A

Paraythroid hormone

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32
Q

Osteoprosis is because:

A

In post menopause, for women replacement in calcitonin is difficult. Can make withdrawels from bone but not deposits.

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33
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Kidney function
Fluid/electrolytes
Inflammatory response

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34
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Stress response

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35
Q

Thymus

A

Immune function

As make way through childhood, shrinks when finished with adolescense, will be gone

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36
Q

Pancreas is an ___ and ____ gland. Produces ____ and ____.

A

Exocrine and endocrine

Insulin and glucagon

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37
Q

Ovaries

A

Produce estrogen and progesterone. Produced in follicles of ovaries. Depends on where you are in your menstral cycle and whether or not you are pregnant

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38
Q

Testes

A

Testosterone

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39
Q

Hypothalmic control is controlled via a ____

A

Negative feedback loop

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40
Q

Negative feedback loop for hypothalmic control

A

Hypothalmus produces thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) which triggers the pituitary gland to produce thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) which triggers to the tyroid to produce T3 and T4 which go to cells and do metabolism. The amount of T3 and T4 then results in a negative feedback loop, which tells the hypothalmus to stop producing TRH and the pituitary to stop producing TSH

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41
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

Left upper quadrant
Oriented posteriorly toward the right
Retroperitoneal space

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42
Q

The pancreas is a solid or hollow organ?

A

Solid

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43
Q

Pancreas endocrine glands are located where?

A

Ductless cells located in the Islets of Langorhauns

44
Q

____ make up 70% of the Islets

A

Beta cells

45
Q

What cells produce isulin?

A

Beta cells

46
Q

____ cellsm make up 20% of the Islets

A

Alpha cells

47
Q

What cells produce glucagon?

A

Alpha cells

48
Q

What two hormones help regulate sugar?

A

Insulin and glucagon

49
Q

Pancreas exocrine glands are ducted ___.

A

Acinar cells

50
Q

What do acinar cells do?

A

Produce and secrete digestive enzymes

51
Q

Most of the pancrease is an exocrine or endocrine gland?

A

Exocrine

52
Q

Acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes into the ____

A

Duodenum

53
Q

Insulin

A

Proteinaeous hormone

First messenger that triggers a second messenger to open up the cell to glucose

54
Q

Where is insulin required?

A

For all cells except the brain and central nervous system because glucose passes freely through the blood brain barrier

55
Q

Normal sugar metabolism (increase in glucose)

A

Increase in glucose->stimulates parasympathetic nervous system->stimulates beta cells->increase in insulin->can take sugar (glucose) into cells

56
Q

Normal sugar metabolism (decrease in glucose)

A

Decrease in glucose->stimulates sympathetic nervous system->stimulates alpha cells->increase in glucagon-> mobilize sugar stores

57
Q

Ingested carbohydrates

A

Carbon, hydrogen, Oxygen

58
Q

Rapidly absorbed from gut into circulatory system

A

Carbohydrates

59
Q

Fatty acid stored as an adipose tissue

A

Triglyceride

60
Q

Short term storage in liver and muscle tissue

A

Glycogen

61
Q

Glycogen stored in muscle is used for what?

A

The muscle in which it is stored

62
Q

Glycogen stored in the liver is used for what?

A

Systemic use

63
Q

Long term storage in liver and adipose tissue

A

Fat

64
Q

With carbohydrates, for long term storage, take glucose and turn it into ____

A

Fatty acid

65
Q

Proteins are made up of

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

66
Q

C, H, O and N are components of ____

A

Amino acids

67
Q

Why are proteins a more sustainable source of energy:

A

More complex, so take longer to break down

68
Q

Breaking down proteins

A

Protein->->broken down into glucose (energy) and amino acids (protein synthesis)->glucose and amino acids absorbed into the bloodstreem

69
Q

Fat breaks down into_____

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

70
Q

Fats are ___ uptake and ____ conversion

A

Slow, slow

71
Q

When blood glucose level decreases:

A

Glucagon triggers mobilization of your stores

72
Q

Breaking of glucose

A

Glycogemolysis

73
Q

When burn through glycogen, have to access ___

A

Fats

74
Q

Fats->->->->glucose=

A

Gluconeogenesis

75
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

The creation of new glucose

76
Q

Why do we burn through glycogen before fats?

A

Because gluconeogenesis is a clunky process. It is a more complicated pathway

77
Q

Normal blood sugar

A

80-140 mg/dL

78
Q

Fasting blood sugar

Post meal blood sugar

A

70-100

90-140

79
Q

Decreased insulin production

A

Diabetes

80
Q

Type I diabetes

A

No insulin production so patients are insulin dependent
Reuslt of autoimmune process??
Usually happens in childhood-“juvenile onset”-genetic component

81
Q

Type II diabetes

A

Insulin produced but insufficient quality and quantity
Start off on orgal agents to stimulate pancreas
Patients are non-insulin dependent but may end up becoming partially dependent on insulin
Adult onset diabetes-usually due to lifestyle (diet, obesity, alcohal), but there may be a genetic component

82
Q

In type 1 diabetes, there is no insulin, so what is happening to blood sugar?

A

Blood sugar is increasing and glucose is accumulating in the circulatory system

83
Q

Oncotic pressure and type 1 diabetics

A

Patient is hyperglycemic (blood sugar >200)=glucose in your urine (sweet urine)->oncotic pressure draws water from cells into vessels. The cells are dehydrated. On a vascular level, there is lots of pressure. The kidneys are overwhelmed.

84
Q

Signs of type I diabetes

A

Polyuria
Polydipsia (thirst)
Polyphagia (hunger)

85
Q

Why are type 1 diabetics experiencing polyphagia?

A

Cells are not producing enough energy (because no insulin to bind to cell to trigger second messenger to let glucose in) so always hungry

86
Q

What happens when cannot let glucose into the cells?

A

The body starts breaking down proteins and fats. Proteins have amino acids and uric acid and fats have fatty acids and ketones

87
Q

Rapid, deep sighing respirations

A

Kussmaul respirations

88
Q

Juicy fruit breath

A

Acetine breath

89
Q

Poisoning that results from all the chemicals (amino acids+uric acid+fatty acid+ketones) that shouldn’t be there

A

Diabetic keto acidosis

90
Q 
Type 1 diabetics:
Skin
HR
RR
BP?
A

Warm and dry
Tachycardic
Increased RR because blowing off acid (remember diabetic keto acidosis)
BP? Not super hypertensive????

91
Q

Type 2 diabetics have what kind of metabolism?

A

Hybrid metabolism because have some insulin, but not enough

92
Q

Type 2 diabetes has:

A

Hyperglycemia Hyperasmolar non ketatic syndrome

93
Q

Type 2 diabetics have what symptoms:

A

Polyuria
Polydipsia (thirst)
Polyphagia (hunger)

94
Q

Do you need to be diabetic to have hypoglycemia?

A

No

95
Q

Onset of hypoglycemia

A

Rapid

96
Q

S/S of hypoglycemia

A

Hungry, irrittable, headache, dizzy, weak, syncope, combative, may eventually seize
Pale, cool, diapheretic
Increased heart rate
nausa

97
Q

The ____ nervous system is activated when an individual is hypoglycemic

A

sympathetic

98
Q

When hypoglygemic, go to ___ cells to stimulate then to relese glucagon

A

alpha

99
Q

Go to alpha cells to release glucagon

A

Adrenergic stimulation

100
Q

Reasons for hypoglycemia

A

Too much insulin
Too little food
Too much exercise

101
Q

When do you give glucose?

A

Blood sugar <20

102
Q

Medications that affect blood sugar

A

Diuretics, steroid, benzodiazponienes, sometimes beta blockers

103
Q

Other things can can affect blood sugar?

A

Pregnancy, illness, alcohal

104
Q

Complications with diabetes -coronary artery disease

A

Episodes of acidosis->can lead to vascular damage->if damange inside of lumen=plaque build up->hypertension->coronary artery disease

105
Q

Complications with diabetes-nerve damage

A

Screws with sodium/potassium pumps across cell membranes=nerves->results in nerve damanger->can have diabetic “nerve pain”, neuropathy, retinopathy,

106
Q

Vascular damage and nerve damage=set the stage for ____

A

Necrotic wounds=>healing issues=>amputations

107
Q

Diabetes are prone to ___, ___ and ____

A

Renal failure, CVA and silent MI

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