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Key Topic 1: The Governance And Administration of the Empire > The Berlin Conference 1884-5 > Flashcards

The Berlin Conference 1884-5 Flashcards

1
Q

When was the Brussels Conference?

A

September 1876

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2
Q

What happened in September 1876?

A

Brussels conference

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3
Q

When was the Berlin Conference?

A

November 1884- February 1885

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4
Q

What happened between November 1884 to February 1885?

A

Berlin conference

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5
Q

What is the nickname for the Brussels conference (September 1876) and Berlin conference (November 1884 to February 1885)?

A

The beginning of the scramble for Africa

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6
Q

By 1884, what percentage of Africa was under local control?

A

80%

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7
Q

By what year was 80% of Africa still under local control?

A

By 1884

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8
Q

Where were the European powers restricted to by 1884 in terms of Africa?

A

Restricted to costal areas

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9
Q

Who hosted the Berlin conference?

A

German Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck

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10
Q

What was the name of the German chancellor who hosted the Berlin Conference?

A

Otto Von Bismarck

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11
Q

What was the role of Otto Von Bismarck?

A

German chancellor who hosted the Berlin conference

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12
Q

Why was some restriction needed in terms of the expansion into Africa?

A

Needed regulation in terms of European expansion in Africa and deal with the growing conflict over land in Africa

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13
Q

What countries attended the Berlin Conference?

A

Foreign ministers of 14 European states

USA

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14
Q

How many countries attended?

A

15 (14 foreign ministers from Europe and the USA)

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15
Q

Who were the major players in colonial Africa?

A

France
Germany
Great Britain
Portugal

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16
Q

What was the initial plan of the Berlin conference?

A

Agree that the basins and mouths of the Congo and Niger ricers to remain neutral and open to trade

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17
Q

What happened after the initial plans of the Berlin Conference (Agree that the basins and mouths of the Congo and Niger ricers to remain neutral and open to trade ) happened?

A

Representatives of the major powers negotiated their respective claims to territory which were formally mapped out into recognised spheres of influence across the whole of Africa

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18
Q

What did the conference conclude in?

A

General act

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19
Q

What was the general act?

A

The conclusion of the Berlin conference

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20
Q

What did the Berlin conference (General Act) promise?

A

All nations allowed to trade in the Basin of Congo (allow free trade)
Influence in these areas should be used to protect the indigenous people and suppress the slave trade
Powers should support religious, scientific or charitable undertakings (Missionaries, scientists and explorers)
If any power took possessions of further lands on the coast then they should notify the signatories of the Act, in order to enable them to assert any claims of their own

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21
Q

In the general act, where did free trade occur?

A

The Congo Basin

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22
Q

In the general act, the major powers were expected to protect and suppress what with their influence?

A

protect the indigenous people and suppress the slave trade

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23
Q

According to the conditions of the general act, what should countries do if they took land further on the coast of Africa?

A

notify the signatories of the Act, in order to enable them to assert any claims of their own

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24
Q

What principle was established as a result of the conference?

A

Effective occupation- A European power could assert a claim to land that it ‘effectively’ occupied and notify other powers. Only if another power could put in a rival claim was its right to colonies questioned

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25
Q

What is ‘effective occupation’?

A

A European power could assert a claim to land that it ‘effectively’ occupied and notify other powers. Only if another power could put in a rival claim was its right to colonies questioned

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26
Q

What did the general act trigger?

A

Further scramble across Africa

27
Q

By 1900, what percentage of Africa was in Europes hands?

A

90%

28
Q

By what year was 90% of Africa owned by Europe?

A

1900

29
Q

Why was 90% of Africa owned by Europe by 1900?

A

General Act triggered a further scramble for territory across Africa as they now had the chance to capture land

30
Q

What was the impact of the General act triggering a further scramble for territory across Africa?

A

By 1900, 90% of Africa was owned by Europe

31
Q

How did the conference benefit European relations?

A

Enabling European countries to expand their empires in an ordered fashion and without risk of conflict with one another

32
Q

How did European historian A.J.P. Taylor referred to Africa?

A

‘A safe arena’ for competing countries where, thanks to size, they were unlikely to tread on each other’s toes in pursuit of prestige

33
Q

Who referred to the Africa as a ‘A safe arena’ for competing countries where, thanks to size, they were unlikely to tread on each other’s toes in pursuit of prestige?

A

European historian A.J.P. Taylor

34
Q

What was the impact of the Berlin conference for indigenous population?

A

No African representation at the Berlin Conference and the European ministers mapped out spheres of influence with little concern for natural borders ethics, linguistic or religious divisions
Not much attention given to indigenous concerns
Well being and religious customs of locals was frequently overlooked

35
Q

Who was not represented in the Berlin Conference?

A

Africans

36
Q

What did the Europeans not combat?

A

African or Arab slave trade

37
Q

Before the Berlin conference, where was British presence in Africa limited to?

A

Settlements (Gold Coast)

Charted company rule (Nigeria)

38
Q

In what area before the Berlin conference did Britain own through company rule?

A

Nigeria

39
Q

Before the Berlin conference, how did Britain rule Nigeria?

A

Charted company rule

40
Q

In what area before the Berlin conference did Britain own through settlements?

A

Gold Coasts

41
Q

Before the Berlin conference, how did Britain rule the Gold Coast?

A

Settlements

42
Q

What did Goldie form in 1876?

A

Central African Trading company

43
Q

When did George Goldie form the Central African Trading company?

A

1876

44
Q

Who formed the Central African Trading company in 1876?

A

George Goldie

45
Q

Who won trade wars with French rivals securing local treaties with tribal chiefs?

A

Central African Trading company

46
Q

What did the Central African Trading company win?

A

Trade wars with French rivals securing local treaties with tribal chiefs

47
Q

What was the impact of the Central African Trading company winning trade wars with French rivals?

A

Secured local treaties with tribal chiefs

48
Q

How did Central African Trading company secure local treaties with tribal chiefs?

A

Winning trade wars with French rivals

49
Q

Why did Britain have an easier claim to Niger at the Berlin conference?

A

Central African Trading company won trade wars with French rival so they secured local treaties with tribal chiefs

50
Q

What was the impact of the Central African Trading company winning trade wars with French rival thus securing local treaties with tribal chiefs?

A

Helped Britain assert rights to Niger at the Berlin conference

51
Q

By how many millions square miles did the British attain as a result of the Berlin conference?

A

5 million square miles

52
Q

Who gained 5 million square miles as a result of the Berlin Conference?

A

Britain

53
Q

What did the Niger region supply?

A

Palm Oil
Rubber
Cocoa

54
Q

What region supplies Palm Oil, Rubber and Cocoa?

A

Niger

55
Q

What did Niger’s natural materials (Palm Oil, Rubber and Cocoa) underpin?

A

Soap
Tinplate
Tyre

56
Q

What did Niger being rich in natural resources mean?

A

Appeased British industrialists by imperialism by proxy (chartered trading)

57
Q

What was the British policy in terms of Africa from 1857-1890?

A

Britain reactive to other powers (France and Germany) rather than seeking formal colonies

58
Q

What were the name of the chartered companies that were there to implement British claims and exclude foreign powers from British bases?

A

Royal Niger Company
Imperial British East Africa Company
British South Africa Company

59
Q

Why were the Royal Niger Company, Imperial British East Africa Company and British South Africa Company chartered?

A

There to implement British claims and exclude foreign powers from British bases

60
Q

What was Britain concerned about?

A

Maintaining lines of communication with India, hence interest in Egypt and South Africa

61
Q

What did Rhodes have the intention of building?

A

Cape to Cairo railway

62
Q

In the last 20 years of the 19th century, out of all the countries annexed, what percentage it make up of Africas population?

A

30% of Africas population

63
Q

Where did Germany annex in 1884?

A

Namibia

64
Q

When did Germany annex Namibia?

A

1884

Key Topic 1: The Governance And Administration of the Empire (38 decks)

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