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Key Topic 1: The Governance And Administration of the Empire > Opium Wars > Flashcards

Opium Wars Flashcards

1
Q

What is gunboat diplomacy?

A

Pursuing foreign policy objectives with the aid of displays of naval power

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2
Q

Since when had there been regular trade between the Chinese and Europeans?

A

16th century since the arrival of the Portuguese

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3
Q

What happened in the 17th and 18th century?

A

Chinese goods like silk and porcelain became really popular in the West and very lucrative

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4
Q

What Chinese good was highly popular in Britain?

A

Tea

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5
Q

What was the issue of trading with China?

A

European merchants could not access the Chinese markets and were restricted to small merchants quarter outside the city of Canton
Only accepted payment in silver

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6
Q

Where were European merchants restricted to?

A

small merchants quarter outside the city of Canton

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7
Q

Who were the Cohong?

A

Chinese middle men, who handled trade and they were the only ones who were allowed to do this. They charged high prices in order to cover high taxes

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8
Q

What was the Chinese only trading with silver?

A

British were on Gold standard and had to purchase the silver which caused a trade deficit

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9
Q

What was the impact of British being on the Gold Standard?

A

Had to purchase silver in order to engage in Chinese trading and this caused a trade deficit

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10
Q

What happened by the late 18th century?

A

Increasing amounts of opium produced by the east India company were being shipped to China

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11
Q

How did the Chinese government try to stop the opium produced by the East India company entering China?

A

Banning it several times

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12
Q

How did the British bypass the Chinese when Opium was banned?

A

Smugglers and cooperative local authorities, who were eager to exploit the demand

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13
Q

By the 1830s, how many were addicted to opium?

A

12 million

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14
Q

What happened in December 1838?

A

Daoguang Emperor sent Lin Zexu to Canton to solve the problem

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15
Q

When did the Daoguang Emperor sent Lin Zexu to Canton to solve the problem?

A

December 1838

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16
Q

How did Lin Zexu try and solve the issue of opium?

A

Death penalty to anyone importing or possessing opium

Confiscated 1000 tons (worth £2 million) following a blockade. He then had the opium destroyed

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17
Q

What happened in May 1839

A

Lin Zexu had 1,000 tons of opium, that he captured through a blockade destroyed

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18
Q

When had Lin Zexu had 1,000 tons of opium, that he captured through a blockade destroyed?

A

May 1839

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19
Q

What did Charles Smith promise?

A

Merchants who had their opium destroyed by Lin Zexu would be compensated by the British government

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20
Q

Why did the British refuse to compensate the Merchants who lost their opium?

A

Thought that the Chinese should compensate them

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21
Q

Why did the British trade opium?

A

Produced by Indians and they would be able to receive silver

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22
Q

How did William Gladstone refer to the war?

A

‘Cover this country with permanent disgrace’

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23
Q

Who said the war would ‘Cover this country with permanent disgrace’?

A

William Gladstone

24
Q

What did Parliament vote in April 1840?

A

Send a fleet to China carrying Britains demands

25
Q

What were the British demands that Parliament agreed to send in April 1840?

A

Compensation for the confiscated opium
End to the Cohong monopoly
Right to occupy and Island as a base

26
Q

What did the British do in July 1840?

A

Captured the island of Zhoushan near the mouth of Yangtze, destroying Chinese officials in a 9 minute bombardment

27
Q

Why did the Chinese loose?

A

Soldiers, on the whole, equipped with bows, arrows and swords
Military units would take a long time to march where they were needed
Defence forces crumbled
Small war junks couldn’t handle the Royal Navy

28
Q

What did local authorities do regarding the news of the defeat of Beijing?

A

Unwilling to tell the news and the emperor received news of victories

29
Q

How many Chinese died in the battle of Chuanbi?

A

500 Chinese

38 wounded amongst the British

30
Q

What steam-powered ship made a debut in the opium wars?

A

Iron warship Nemesis referred to the ‘devil ship’. It was destructive

31
Q

By the end of may 1841, what were the British capable of doing?

A

Seizing Canton

32
Q

How much did local officials and merchants pay the British to withdraw?

A

6 million

33
Q

Why were the British paid 6 million?

A

By local officials and merchants of withdraw

34
Q

Why did the Chinese sue for peace?

A

Road to Nanjing was open

Control of the entire Yangtze region

35
Q

What happened in August 1842?

A

Treaty of Nanking

36
Q

When was the treaty of Nanking?

A

August 1842

37
Q

What was the August 1842 treaty of Nanking?

A

Peace agreement between Chinese and British after the opium war

38
Q

What was the name of the treaty that marked peace between the Chines and British?

A

August 1842 treaty of Nanking

39
Q

What were the terms of the August 1842 treaty of Nanking?

A

Chinese government would pay

40
Q

In the August 1842 treaty of Nanking, how much would the Chinese government pay to the British?

A

20 million silver dollars

41
Q

In the August 1842 treaty of Nanking, why did the Chinese government have to pay the British 20 million silver dollars?

A

Compensation

42
Q

In the August 1842 treaty of Nanking, what did the Chinese government have to abolish

A

Cohong monopoly

43
Q

In the August 1842 treaty of Nanking, what happened to the Cohong monopoly?

A

Abolished

44
Q

In the August 1842 treaty of Nanking, what type of duties did the Chinese have to agree to?

A

Fixed custom duties (tax on foreign goods)

45
Q

In the August 1842 treaty of Nanking, what happened to custom duties?

A

Chinese had to make them fixed

46
Q

In the August 1842 treaty of Nanking, how many ports did the British have to open up for foreign trade?

A

5 (including Canton and Shanghai )

47
Q

In the August 1842 treaty of Nanking, what happened to Hong Kong?

A

Surrendered to the British

48
Q

In the August 1842 treaty of Nanking, what island was given to the British?

A

Hong Kong

49
Q

When was the Second Opium war?

A

1856-60

50
Q

What happened in 1856-60?

A

Second opium war

51
Q

How did the Second opium war culminate?

A

Bringing of the emperors Summer palace in Beijing

52
Q

What did the second opium war legalise?

A

Opium trade

53
Q

Wha happened to the opium trade in the Second opium war?

A

Fully legalised

54
Q

What happened to ports in the second opium war?

A

More were opened up for foreign merchants

55
Q

What happened in 1863?

A

Robert Hart gained British parts of China as informal areas of influence and access to Chinese markets

Key Topic 1: The Governance And Administration of the Empire (38 decks)

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