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History of Western Music > The Baroque Period > Flashcards

The Baroque Period Flashcards

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1
Q

What does a Trio Sonata consist of?

A

Two soloists with continuo

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2
Q

What does a Solo Sonata consist of?

A

Soloist with continuo

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3
Q

How many parts does a Da Capo aria have?

A

3

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4
Q

Who is the grandfather of the modern symphony?

A

Archangelo Corelli

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5
Q

Sonata form is basically:

A

A B A

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6
Q

How do the movements is a sonata compare to each other?

A

The movements in a sonata contrast

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7
Q

Diagram Da Capo Aria

A

A B A’

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8
Q

The how is the third section (A’) in a Da Capo aria different from the first?

A

It is usually modified slightly and the singer uses the third section as an opportunity to show off their vocal skills and virtuosity

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9
Q

What is an Orchestral Concerto?

A

Predecessor to the symphony. Has multiple movements and the 1st violins and bass are emphasized

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10
Q

Which instrument groups are emphasized in an orchestral concerto?

A

The 1st violins and bass

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11
Q

What is a Concerto Grosso?

A

This is a form of concerto that has two or more soloists with orchestral accompaniment

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12
Q

What is a Solo Concerto?

A

A form of concerto that has a single soloist with orchestral accompaniment

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13
Q

Birth and death years of J.S Bach

A

1685-1750

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14
Q

What is Tragedie Lyrique?

A

This is French style opera. It is usually lighter themed and features divertissements, interludes of music, singing, ballet, etc.

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15
Q

What are divertissements?

A

In French opera, these are interludes of ballet, dancing, music, etc, and are only loosely tied to the plot

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16
Q

What is considered to be the golden age of German organ music?

A

1650-1750

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17
Q

What genre and technique reaches it’s peak in Germany through composers such as Bach and Buxtehude?

A

Fugue and imitative counterpoint

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18
Q

Italian instrumental music emphasized what instrument family?

A

Italian instrumental music emphasized the strings

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19
Q

Define ‘Sequence’

A

A repeating melodic pattern

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20
Q

Henry Purcell pioneered what genre in England?

A

The semi-opera which is a play with spoken dialogue but contained many musical elements such as an overture and multiple masques

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21
Q

What are Notes inégales?

A

This is a French performance practice where notes in short even durations are played as by holding one note longer at the expense of the next note. It sounds like dotted rhythms

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22
Q

What is overdotting?

A

A French performance practice that lengthens dotted notes at the expense of the next note

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23
Q

What are Agrements?

A

The French style of ornamentation; more conservative and “elegant” than the flashier Italian style of ornamentation

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24
Q

Define ‘Style Luthe’

A

“Lute” or “broken” style is a style of playing characterized by an arpeggiated texture as a lute would be played

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25
Q

Define ‘Walking Bass’

A

This is a bass line that moves steadily and continuously

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26
Q

What is a Masque?

A

A masque is an English genre of musical theatre that features music, dances, sets, costumes, choruses, and is similar to a French court ballet

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27
Q

How is a masque different from opera?

A

The music in a masque is usually composed by several people and it is not plot driven as in opera, or only has a very loose plot or theme

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28
Q

Define ‘Villancico’

A

This is a Spanish form of polyphonic song, with several stanzas framed by a refrain

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29
Q

Were Spanish Villancico’s used in the church or in a secular setting?

A

They were used in both, beginning with secular use that then spread to church use, especially for special occasions

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30
Q

Define ‘Zarzuela’

A

This is a form of Spanish musical theatre, with a light pastoral setting and alternates between spoken and sung dialogue and various types of ensemble and solo song

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31
Q

Birth and death dates of Antonio Vivaldi

A

1678-1741

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32
Q

What was Vivaldi’s occupation?

A

Priest, master of violin and master of concerts at the Pio Ospedale della Pieta

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33
Q

What was the Pio Ospedale della Pieta?

A

This was an orphange for poor or orphaned children that Vivaldi worked at between 1703-1740

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34
Q

Between what years did Vivaldi work at the Pio Ospedale dell Pieta?

A

1703-1740

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35
Q

What was Vivladi’s duties at the Pio Ospedale dell Pieta?

A

He was required to maintain the string instruments, teach the students to play, and constantly compose music for them to perform.

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36
Q

The largest part of Vivaldi’s catalog consists of what?

A

Concertos

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37
Q

Vivaldi established what pattern as a standard in concerto movement structure?

A

Fast movement - Slow movement in the same or a related key - Fast movement in the tonic, often with a shorter duration

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38
Q

What is Ritornello Form?

A

This is a set of guidelines for concertos where orchestral ritornello’s frame two episodes for the soloist

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39
Q

Ritornello form allowed Vivaldi to do what?

A

Create large amounts of music from a small amount of material

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40
Q

Vivaldi was the first concerto composer to do what?

A

Make the slow movement as important as the fast ones

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41
Q

Vivaldi frequently used what in his concertos?

A

Sequences and dramatization of chord progressions

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42
Q

What qualities are Vivaldi’s works known for?

A

Spontaneity of musical ideas, clear formal structure, assured harmonies, varied textures, forceful rhythms, and highlighting the soloist.

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43
Q

What qualities did composers after Vivaldi admire and emulate?

A

His concise themes, clear form, rhythmic drive, and logical flow of musical ideas

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44
Q

Vivaldi often used what to create and vary his music?

A

Vivaldi often used formulas

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45
Q

What are the birth and death dates of Henry Purcell?

A

1659-1695

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46
Q

What is Henry Purcell best remembered for?

A

Purcell is best remembered for his dramatic music

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47
Q

When was Dido and Aeneas composed and where was it first performed?

A

Composed in 1689, debuted at a girls boarding school

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48
Q

How many acts does Dido and Aeneas have?

A

3

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49
Q

What is the run time of Dido and Aeneus?

A

About one hour

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50
Q

In Dido and Aeneus, in the final Lament, what Italian tradition is seen?

A

A descending tetrachord pattern in the bass is an Italian influence and helps to create a sense of despair

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51
Q

What influences and traditions did Purcell blend in his works as seen in Dido and Aeneus?

A

Purcell blended practices and traditions from French and Italian opera, as well as the English masque

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52
Q

What is the main Italian element in Dido and Aeneus?

A

The presence of Arias, which were not popular in French opera or the English masque

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53
Q

Dido and Aeneus notably uses what to help convey the emotion in contrast with French opera?

A

Text painting

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54
Q

How did Purcell accommodate the English language in Dido and Aeneus?

A

He tailored the rhythms to match English accents and speech patterns such as using reverse dotted rhythmic patterns

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55
Q

What is Sonata da Camera?

A

Chamber Sonata

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56
Q

What is Sonata da Chiesa?

A

Church Sonata

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57
Q

What is the difference between the Sonata da Camera and the Sonata da Chiesa?

A

The chamber sonata is usually a series of stylized dances whereas the church sonata has more abstract movements

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58
Q

Birth and death dates of Arcangelo Corelli

A

1653-1713

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59
Q

What three types of music did Corelli leave behind?

A

Trio sonatas, solo sonatas, and concerto grosso

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60
Q

Corelli’s trio sonatas emphasized what over a display of virtuosity?

A

Corelli emphasized lyricism in his trio sonatas over virtuosic displays

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61
Q

Corelli’s music is ______

A

Corelli’s music is tonal, and was used as a basis for Ramaeu’s study of music theory

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62
Q

What is the movement structure of Corelli’s church trio sonatas?

A

Slow-Fast-Slow-Fast

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63
Q

Describe the movement structure of Corelli’s trio sonata’s

A
  • The first movement is solemn
  • The second movement is often fugal and acts the the center of gravity for the piece
  • The third movement resembles a lyric, operatic duet
  • The forth movement is dance like and usually in binary form
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64
Q

What were the most important roles in Corelli’s sonatas for church?

A

All the roles had a near equal gravity and importance in Corelli’s church trio sonatas

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65
Q

Which roles were most important in Corelli’s chamber sonatas?

A

The two soloists were given equal importance but the bass was almost pure accompaniment

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66
Q

Corelli’s trio sonatas are noted for what, concerning the soloists?

A

Corelli’s trio sonatas are notable because the two soloists are given equal importance, with parts that interweave and compliment each other

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67
Q

How do Corelli’s solo sonatas differ from his trio sonatas?

A

He often uses more more virtuosic display in his solo sonatas

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68
Q

What are the movements in Corelli’s sonatas based on?

A

They are based on a subject given at the outset of the movement which is varied and modulated, unfolding in a smooth flow of musical ideas

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69
Q

Why is Corelli important?

A

His sonatas were used as models by other composers, his influence contributed to the move to tonal music, and he was one of the first successful purely instrumental composers

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70
Q

Birth and death dates of Georg Frideric Handel

A

1685-1759

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71
Q

Handel mainly lived in what city?

A

London, England

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72
Q

Who were Handel’s primary patrons?

A

The royal court of England

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73
Q

Why is Handel considered to be an “international” composer?

A

This is because he studied the styles of, lived, and worked all over Europe. This includes Germany, Italy, and French influences as well

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74
Q

Why did Handel’s music age well?

A

Handel’s music aged well because he often focused on lyricism, harmony, and contrasting texture rather than counterpuntal procedures like Bach

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75
Q

Handel was a master of what?

A

Handel was a master of contrast

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76
Q

Handel often wrote music for who?

A

Handel often wrote music for the public, especially intended for a middle-class audience

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77
Q

When did Handel work in Italy?

A

1705-1710

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78
Q

Who was Handel’s patron in Italy? What were his duties there?

A

Handel’s Italian patron was Marquis Ruspoli. He was required to write Latin motets for church performances, and chamber cantatas for Ruspoli’s weekly music making

79
Q

When did Handel work in Hanover? Who was his patron?

A

Handel’ worked for a patron in Hanover starting in 1710 however he spent most his time in London. His patron was the elector of Hanover

80
Q

How did Handel use his Hanover position to establish himself in England?

A

His parton the elector of Hanover was heir to the English throne. When Queen Anne died in 1714, the elector became George I and Handel remained his patron

81
Q

Handel had numerous patrons. Who were they in his earlier London days?

A
  • The Earl of Burlington (1712)
  • James Brydges (1717-1719)
  • Queen Anne of England (1713-1714)
  • British royal family (1710 onward)
82
Q

Despite being associated with the royal family, most of Handel’s activities were for who?

A

The public sphere

83
Q

What was Handel’s first opera and when was it written?

A

Almira in 1705

84
Q

Almira displays what interesting German tradition to enable listeners to follow the plot?

A

Almira sets the arias in the normal Italian, but the recitatives are in German so that the audience can follow the plot

85
Q

What piece, composed for the coronation of George II of England, has been played at every British coronation since?

A

Zadok the Priest by Handel of 1727

86
Q

How does Handel’s Almira (1705) incorporate several national styles?

A
  • He used French models for the overture and dance music
  • He used Italian techniques and style for the Arias
  • The music displays German elements in the counterpoint and orchestration
87
Q

Handel’s use of doubling the voice with one or more instruments comes from where?

A

German musical practices

88
Q

Handel’s Agrippina of 1709 shows the influence of what composer?

A

This opera he composed while in Venice shows Scarlatti’s influence, with long-breathed, supple, rhythmically varied melodic lines suited for the voice

89
Q

Why is Handel’s opera “Rinaldo,” significant and what year was it written?

A

Rinaldo was written in 1711 and is significant because it was the first opera in Italian composed for London. This helped to bring on the fashionably of Italian opera in England

90
Q

What was the usual theme of operas during Handel’s time

A

Dramatized episodes from the lives of Roman heroes, and tales of magic and adventure revolving around the crusades

91
Q

What is simple recitative? When did it start to be used?

A

This was a style of recitative that leaned heavily toward the speech, and was accompanied only by basso ostinato. This was a style that emerged in Italy during the early 1700’s

92
Q

What is accompanied recitative? When did it start to be used?

A

This is recitative that is accompanied by dramatic outbursts by the orchestra in order to highlight tense or dramatic moments. It is a style that emerged in Italy during the 1700’s

93
Q

Who is the prima donna?

A

The prima donna is the soprano singing the lead female role in opera. They usually demanded the most and best arias, and composers such as Handel would write arias specifically for them in order to show off their skills

94
Q

What is coloratura?

A

These are flashy displays of florid ornamentation, specifically in arias

95
Q

True or False: Handel is known for the wide variety of arias in his operas

A

True

96
Q

What was the Royal Academy of Music and when did it form?

A

The Royal Academy of Music was a joint stock company created for producing Italian opera in England, at the Kings Theatre. It lasted from 1718 to 1729

97
Q

When did Handel stop writing and producing operas?

A

About 1741

98
Q

What genre did Handel pioneer starting in the 1730’s?

A

The English oratorio

99
Q

How are English oratorios different from Italian ones?

A

They were more operatic, had larger ensembles and choruses, and borrowed from various national genres such as the German passion and English masque.
The English oratorios were performed in a theatre and not intended for services

100
Q

What was Handel’s first English oratorio and when was it performed?

A

Ester was Handel’s first English oratorio, first performed in 1732.

101
Q

When was Handel’s Messiah written and what genre does it belong to?

A

Messiah was written in 1741 and is an English oratorio

102
Q

How is the text of Handel’s Messiah unusual?

A

It is unusual because it does not tell a story but carries out as a series of contemplations on the christian idea of redemption

103
Q

When was Handel’s Water Music written and to what Genre does it belong?

A

It was written in 1717 and is an Orchestral Suite. It has three suites for winds and strings

104
Q

When was Handel’s Music For the Royal Fireworks written and to what genre does it belong?

A

It was written in 1749 and is an orchestral suite. Originally only for winds, string instruments were added to the score later

105
Q

Birth and death years of Bach

A

1685 to 1750

106
Q

When did Bach work in Arnstadt?

A

1703-1707 as church organist

107
Q

What were Bach’s duties at Arnstadt?

A

In Arnstadt he was the church organist from 1703-1707

108
Q

When did Bach work in Muhlhausen?

A

1707-1708 as church organist

109
Q

What were Bach’s duties in Muhlhausen?

A

He was church organist from 1707-1708

110
Q

When did Bach work in Weimar?

A

1708-1717

111
Q

Who was Bach’s patron in Weimar?

A

The duke of Weimar

112
Q

What was Bach’s first position in Weimar?

A

He was first the court organist from 1708-1714 before becoming concertmaster for the court

113
Q

What was Bach’s second position in Weimar?

A

Bach’s second position was as concertmaster from 1714-1717

114
Q

As a court organist and church organist, what kind of music did Bach mainly compose for?

A

Organ

115
Q

When he became concertmaster of Weimar Bach composed organ music in addition to what?

A

Bach began composing cantata’s for the Weimar court chapel in addition to organ music

116
Q

When did Bach work in Cothen?

A

1717-1723 as court music director

117
Q

What was Bach’s position in Cothen?

A

Court music director from 1717-1723

118
Q

When did Bach work in Leipzig?

A

1723-1750 as cantor of the St. Thomas school and the civic music director

119
Q

What were Bach’s positions in Leipzig?

A

He was cantor of the St. Thomas school and civic music director from 1723-1750

120
Q

How did Bach learn composition?

A

Bach learned composition by copying and arranging the music of other composers

121
Q

What organist was a major influence on Bach?

A

Buxtehude

122
Q

How did Buxtehude influence Bach?

A

By displaying extreme virtuosity on the organ including an extensive use of the pedals. He also was where Bach got the practice of putting preludes and fugues in pairs

123
Q

What kinds of music did Bach compose as church organist for use in services?

A

Chorale settings, toccatas, fantasias, preludes, and fugues

124
Q

What did Bach learn from Vivaldi?

A

To write consise themes, use a clear harmonic organization, and use ritornello form to structure the subject

125
Q

Where did Bach write “The Little Organ Book?”

A

“The Little Organ Book” was written while Bach worked in Weimar

126
Q

What kind’s of pieces does “The Little Organ book” contain and what is it’s purpose?

A

“The Little Organ Book” contains 45 short chorale preludes and it’s intention was to give a beginning organist an ideas of how he could develop a chorale, as well as improving his pedal technique. The settings in the work vary greatly to illustrate the possibilities.

127
Q

When was The Well Tempered Clavier written?

A

It contains two books written in 1722 and 1740

128
Q

How many pieces does The Well Tempered Clavier contain?

A

It contains in total 48 prelude and fugue pairs in every key

129
Q

Why did Bach write The Well Tempered Clavier?

A

He wrote The Well Tempered Clavier to show how an instrument tuned in equal temperament could play in all 24 keys

130
Q

What function do many of the preludes in The Well Tempered Clavier?

A

They serve as etudes as well as examples of common performance and compositional practices for keyboard

131
Q

Many of Bach’s published collections were intended at least in part as what kind of work?

A

They were intended in part to serve a pedagogic function

132
Q

When was the Goldburg Variations written?

A

1741

133
Q

How many pieces are in the Goldburg Variations and what style is the one theme off which these are built

A

There are 30 variations and each is built off the same theme, a sarabande

134
Q

What is the purpose of the Goldburg Variations?

A

They acted as pieces that stretched the boundaries of performance possibilities for keyboard and were the most technically difficult pieces written before the 19th century. The wide range of styles in the variations serve as a showcase for the music of Bach’s time

135
Q

What was the purpose of The Art of Fugue?

A

To systematically show all styles of fugal writing

136
Q

How many pieces are in The Art of Fugue and how many subjects does it contain?

A

The Art of Fugue contains eighteen cannons and fugues and they are all based on the same subject

137
Q

What kind of pieces does Bach’s Musical Offering contain and how many subjects are seen throughout?

A

Musical offering contains a three and six part ricercare all based on the same subject

138
Q

What are Bach’s most well known orchestral works and when were they dedicated?

A

The six Brandenburg concertos, dedicated in 1721

139
Q

Bach was one of the first people to compose what?

A

The harpsichord concerto

140
Q

How many cantatas did the Lutheran churches in Leipzig use in an annual cycle?

A

58 plus cantatas for special occasions

141
Q

How many complete (surviving) cycles of cantatas did Bach create?

A

Three surviving complete cycles

142
Q

The fugues in The Well Tempered Clavier serve as what?

A

Examples and a catalog of different fugal styles and techniques

143
Q

What is monody?

A

Solo singing with instrumental accompaniment

144
Q

What is monophony?

A

Monophony is a musical texture with one unaccompanied melody

145
Q

What is polyphony?

A

Polyphony is a musical texture with multiple simultaneous lines of melody

146
Q

What is homophony?

A

Musical texture where all voices move in the same rhythm

147
Q

What is opera?

A

Opera is a form of musical theatre that consists of a libretto and music. It coveys a plot through the music, is staged, and is sung throughout

148
Q

What is a libretto?

A

The libretto is the text of the opera

149
Q

What does it mean if a work is strophic?

A

Strophic means the piece is a setting of poetry where each line or stanza has the same melody

150
Q

What does it mean if a work is through-composed?

A

This means that is does not have verses or choruses that are returned to; the work is one continuous forward flowing composition

151
Q

What is a madrigal?

A

A madrigal is a polyphonic or concerted setting of poetry in non-repetitive verse form

152
Q

Define ‘Patronage’

A

Patronage is the system of funding for the arts where artists seek endorsements, employment and commissions from wealthy aristocrats. The aristocrats in exchange receive prestige and artwork

153
Q

Define ‘Stile Antico’

A

Stile antico or “the old style” was the name given to music after 1600 that imitated the older counterpuntal style of Palestrina

154
Q

Where was the Stile Antico commonly found?

A

In church music

155
Q

Define ‘Stile Moderno’

A

This is the same as the second practice; it is the “modern” style that uses basso continuo and uses the counterpoint freely, often breaking the rules

156
Q

Define ‘Stile Concitato’

A

This is the “excited” style used to express excitement or action. It uses rapid repetitions of the same pitch to convey tension or excitment

157
Q

Define ‘Recitative’

A

Recitative is a section of an opera; it is style of singing that attempts to imitate speech, and often has a very free meter

158
Q

Define ‘Figured Bass’

A

A form of improvisation, figured bass uses numbers or figures placed below the basso continuo line in order to indicate which intervals above the given note are to be played

159
Q

What are the three functions of music during this period (early baroque)?

A

The three functions were use in court or chamber, use in the church, or used in the theatre

160
Q

What are the dates of Claudio Montiverdi’s birth and death?

A

1567-1643

161
Q

What are the most important works that Montiverdi is known for?

A

L’Orfeo, The Return of Ulysses, The Coronation of Poppea, the Combat of Tancred and Clorinda, and his madrigal collections

162
Q

When was Cesti’s Orontea written?

A

1656

163
Q

Why is Orontea a good example of mid 17th century Italian opera?

A

It seeks to entertain, has a romantic plot instead of a pastoral one, comedy, high and low characters, and simpler styles

164
Q

Why was Monteverdi considered the first great master of opera?

A

His works drew from all styles, and refined the styles already in place. He changed styles of music as necessary in order to always keep the music in service to the plot

165
Q

Where did Monteverdi work throughout his life?

A

He mainly worked for the court of Mantua, and the San Marco Basilica

166
Q

Which famous composer worked for the Mantua court from 1590 to 1612?

A

Claudio Monteverdi

167
Q

Which famous composer was maestro di capella at the San Marco basilica from 1612 to 1643?

A

Claudio Monteverdi

168
Q

Who was the first to invent and develop the operatic recitative?

A

Jacobo Peri

169
Q

When was L’Orfeo first staged?

A

1607

170
Q

What was the first opera?

A

Dafne, by Jacobo Peri, and Jacobo Corsi

171
Q

Dafne is a setting of what type of poem?

A

Pastoral poem

172
Q

When was Dafne produces and where?

A

In 1598 at the palace of Jacobo Corsi

173
Q

What opera marks the beginning of the Baroque era?

A

L’Eurydice by Jacobo Peri and produced by Emilio Cavalieri

174
Q

When was L’Eurydice first performed?

A

1600

175
Q

Who were the Florentine camerata?

A

These were a group of scholars, performers, and artist based at one of the academies in Florence, who shared an interest in recreating ancient Greek dramas

176
Q

Who were the members of the Florentine camerata?

A

Mei, Galilei, Count Bardi, and Peri

177
Q

What structure is used in Orfeo?

A

It has five acts, uses recitative to convey the plot, each act is structured around a recitative by Orfeo, and is responded to by madrigals and arias

178
Q

Why was L’Orfeo successful?

A

Orfeo was successful because:

  1. It made use of all styles available
  2. More appropriately and effectively used the styles available to convey the text
  3. Refined techniques and genres such as recitative and aria further than it’s predecessors
  4. Used a wider range of instrumentation
  5. Employs strophic variation in order to better serve the text, and mixes styles even within a certain section, such as freely moving back and forth between a recitatative style and more aria-like singing
179
Q

When did Heinrich Schutz live?

A

1585-1672

180
Q

What are some contributions that Schutz made?

A

He was mainly responsible for introducing the Italian influence and second practice style to Germany, as well as his effective use of the small sacred concerto genre, his large catalog of sacred works, and helping establishing Germany as a contributor to western culture

181
Q

Who did Schutz study with in Italy?

A

Cladio Monteverdi and Giovanni Gabrieli in Venice

182
Q

Where did Schutz receive his musical education?

A

University of Marburg, Gabrieli and Montiverdi in Italy

183
Q

Instrumental genres of the period: Solo keyboard

A
  1. Toccata (more improvised)
  2. Ricercare (predecessor of fugue)
  3. Fantasia
184
Q

Instrumental genres of the period: Multiple instruments

A
  1. Sonata (melody with basso continuo; contrasting sections)
  2. Variations
  3. Dance suites
185
Q

Lutheran church music of the period: characteristics of a Sacred concerto

A
  • Small or large

- Sacred text (for major feast days and special occasions)

186
Q

Lutheran church music of the period: characteristics of a Chorale

A
  • Congregational singing
  • Strophic hymn
  • Chorale prelude (improvised by the organist)
187
Q

Lutheran church music of the period: characteristics of a Historia

A
  • Similar to oratorio (unstaged opera)
  • Told a tale of the bible
  • Biblical text not part of service
188
Q

Italian vocal Chamber music of the period: characteristics of a Concertato

A
  • Secular
  • a combination of voices and instruments
  • Concerted madrigals, canzonettas, recitatives, arias, etc.
189
Q

Italian vocal Chamber music of the period: characteristics of Basso Ostinato

A
  • Voice and instrument or solo instrument

- Bass pattern stays the same while melody above changes- Secular

190
Q

Italian vocal Chamber music of the period: characteristics of a Cantata

A
  • Secular or sacred
  • Continuo with solo voice
  • Longer text than a madrigal- Often with a quasi dramatic plot; mini opera
191
Q

Catholic church music of the period: characteristics of a Sacred concerto

A
  • Large or small

- Sacred text

192
Q

Catholic church music of the period: characteristics of an Oratorio

A
  • Unstaged opera with a biblical subject matter

- Several soloists

193
Q

A sonata in the baroque is the instrumental counterpart of what genre?

A

The sonata is the instrumental version of the cantata

194
Q

What are some characteristics of Tragedie Lyrique?

A

This type of French opera is usually lighter themed and features divertissements, interludes of music, singing, ballet, etc.

History of Western Music (24 decks)

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