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History of Western Music > Chapter 21 - Opera and Vocal Music in the Early Classical Period > Flashcards

Chapter 21 - Opera and Vocal Music in the Early Classical Period Flashcards

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1
Q

When did a divergence between comic and serious opera begin to develop?

A

Around 1700

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2
Q

Musical style during the enlightenment can have it’s roots traced to what kind of music?

A

Vocal music, because of it’s natural expressiveness

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3
Q

Many aspects of classical era music originated in what Italian genre?

A

Many classical era musical traits originated in Italian opera during the 1720’s and 30’s

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4
Q

Why was comic opera more innovative than serious opera?

A

Comic opera had the freedom to be more innovative because it was not weighed down by serious subject matter and conventional means of expression

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5
Q

What is opera buffa?

A

Italian comic opera, a full length work with six or more singers

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6
Q

The plot lines of opera buffa revolved around what?

A

The lives of ordinary people in the present day

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7
Q

The plot lines of serious opera evolved around what?

A

Mythological or historical stories and characters

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8
Q

True or false: In comic opera the story lines often revolve around serious characters that interact with the comic characters

A

True

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9
Q

What style is usually for arias in comic opera?

A

Galant style is the norm, consisting of short tuneful phrases, organized into periods, often repeated or varied and accompanied by simple harmonies

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10
Q

What are some characteristics of the galant style?

A
  • Short tuneful phrases
  • Phrases organized into periods
  • Slower, simpler harmonies
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11
Q

Who was an important pioneer of galant style aria?

A

Leonardo Vinci (1696-1730)

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12
Q

What is intermezzo?

A

This is a type of Italian comic opera that was played between the acts of a serious opera or play

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13
Q

When and where did intermezzo originate?

A

Intermezzo originated around 1700 in Venice and Naples

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14
Q

Why did intermezzo come about?

A

Intermezzo was invented at a time when comic characters and scenes were being purged from serious opera

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15
Q

Intermezzo allows the serious opera to maintain it’s_____, while still providing _____

A

Intermezzo allows the serious opera to maintain it’s integrity while still providing comic relief

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16
Q

Birth and death of Giovanni Pergolesi

A

1710-1736

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17
Q

Giovanni Pergolessi is best known for what work?

A

The intermezzo, La Serva Padrona (1733)

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18
Q

Why is Giovanni Pergolessi important?

A

Pergolessi is important because his works were influential in that they show early classical style, with many contrasting but simple melodies over sparse accompaniment

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19
Q

As the eighteenth century went on how did the plots of comic operas change?

A

New elements and plot lines began to be seen alongside comic ones, including woeful, sentimental, and serious plots

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20
Q

What is a new development in comic opera that appeared in the operas of Logroscion and Galuppi?

A

The ensemble finale which is where at the end of the act all the characters are gradually brought on stage and join into the action and music, creating a hectic atmosphere

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21
Q

What are ensemble finales?

A

These are where at the end of the act all the characters are gradually brought on stage and join into the action and music

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22
Q

Who were pioneers of the ensemble finale?

A

Nicola Logroscino and Baldassare Galuppi

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23
Q

What are some characteristics of Italian comic opera?

A
  • Galant style
  • Emotional fluidity
  • Direct expression
  • Stylistic contrasts
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24
Q

What is opera seria?

A

Serious opera; does not have comic scenes or characters

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25
Q

Who set the standard form for opera seria?

A

The Italian poet Pietro Metastasio (1698-1782)

26
Q

Pietro Metastasio was poet for what court?

A

Metastasio was court poet in Vienna from 1729 until 1782

27
Q

Metastasios’ serious operas are usually about what?

A

Conflicts in human passions, often pitting love against duty, usually with a happy ending

28
Q

Opera seria is strictly conveyed through what two styles?

A

Aria and recitative

29
Q

What is the role of the orchestra is opera seria?

A

Almost entirely as accompaniment to support the singers

30
Q

When did composers begin to convey multiple emotions in a movement rather than only one as in baroque music?

A

in the 1720’s and 30’s

31
Q

Who was considered by his contemporaries the master of opera seria?

A

Johann Adolf Hasse (1699-1783)

32
Q

Who was Johann Adolf Hasse? Where was he born and in what style did he compose?

A

He was a composer of opera seria and one of the most successful composers of opera from the 1720’s to 1770’s. He was born in Hamburg but composed in an Italian style

33
Q

Comic opera was always performed in what language?

A

The local language

34
Q

Comic opera encouraged the growth of _____

A

Comic opera encouraged the growth of distinct national opera traditions

35
Q

What are vaudevilles?

A

These are popular tunes or imitations of popular tunes used in opera comique

36
Q

What is opera comique?

A

This is the French style of comic opera that features spoken dialogue and popular music known as vaudvilles

37
Q

Gradually the music in opera comique began to be freshly composed as the Italian influence became more prominent. When were vaudevilles phased out by original music?

A

In about the 1760’s

38
Q

Who was the leading composer of opera comique in France?

A

Andre Ernest Modeste Gretry (1741-1813)

39
Q

Define ballad opera

A

Ballad opera was a popular form of comic opera in England that features music that sets new words to borrowed tunes, folk songs, and dances as well as spoken dialogue

40
Q

Define singspiel

A

German for “singing play,” this is a type of comic opera that features spoken dialogue and musical numbers

41
Q

How did comic opera help drive the development of distinct national styles?

A

Because it had to pander to the general public instead of depending on aristocratic patronage for support, comic opera became more individual to the locality of the production

42
Q

How many acts does opera seria have?

A

Three

43
Q

Who was a prominent figure in opera reform?

A

Christoph Gluck (1714-1787)

44
Q

Birth and death of Christoph Gluck

A

1714-1787

45
Q

Gluck advocated for what concerning opera?

A

He advocated for a return to plot as the focus of opera rather than virtuosic flashy displays of singing and staging

46
Q

Gluck and opera reformers wanted music to do what?

A

Opera reform wanted music to return to its role as servant to the plot and poetry

47
Q

Opera reform sought to opera that was “natural.” List four qualities they desired

A
  • Expressive
  • Flexible
  • Less ornamented
  • More musical resources
48
Q

Amateur music making was becoming popular at this time, especially for published songs. Describe these songs for the public as they typically appeared

A
  • Relatively simple
  • Keyboard or guitar accompaniment
  • Diatonic
  • Strophic
  • Syllabic
49
Q

An important genre in German aimed at amatuers was what?

A

The Leider or German language song

50
Q

Name three characteristics of Leider

A
  • Designed to be easy to sing
  • Very simple accompaniment
  • Performed for pleasure rather than to impress
51
Q

Name four important composers of leid

A
  • C.P.E. Bach
  • Telemann
  • Carl Graun
  • Johann Reichardt
52
Q

Church music during the Classical era was not _____

A

Innovative

53
Q

Church music during the Classical tended to follow what sector of music?

A

Church music during this time tended to follow secular modals and innovations

54
Q

What are fuging tunes?

A

These are songs that begin with a syllabic homophonic section and then move into a section of imitation before returning to homophony

55
Q

What was the first collection of music in North America?

A

The New England Psalm Singer (1770) by William Billings

56
Q

English church music kept what kind of music alive?

A

Baroque music

57
Q

Church music in the new world was modeled after what?

A

It was modeled after the colony’s respective national styles and traditions

58
Q

How is Italian comic opera different from comic other in other countries?

A

It is sung throughout

59
Q

What element of opera buffa derives from Italian commedia dell’arte?

A

The caricatured personae

60
Q

What is one distinguishing feature of opera buffa in comparison to opera seria?

A

Opera buffa contains everyday characters and contemporary settings

61
Q

What shift occurred in opera seria in the 1720s and 1730s?

A

Arias began to display a variety of moods and emotions

62
Q

What is commedia dell’ arte?

A

A type of Italian theatre drama featuring improvised lines on familiar stories, and an emphasis on the ensemble. The form was around from the 16-18th centuries

History of Western Music (24 decks)

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