Chapter 22 - Instrumental Music: Sonata Symphony, and Concerto Flashcards
Who invented the piano?
Bartolemeo Cristofori (1655-1732)
When was the Piano invented?
In 1700 by Bartolemeo Cristofori (1655-1732)
Music making was often a _____ during the classical era
Music making was a social activity
Chamber music became popular for use in performance as well as home entertainment. Why was this?
Music making became an important social function for entertainment and courtship, and the rise of the middle class and the growing interest of music created many amateur musicians
What does a string quartet consist of?
Two violins, Viola, and Bass
What was the only wind instrument that amateurs commonly played at the time?
The Flute
Why were there no amateur wind ensembles during the Classical period?
The instruments were considered too hard to play or inappropriate for women
What did a wind ensemble typically consist of?
Two oboes/ clarinets, two bassoons, and two horns
What was the most essential part of the orchestra during the Classical period?
The string section, everything else was for support
When did basso continuo fade out of orchestral settings?
The last quarter of the eighteenth century
Why did basso continuo fall out of practice?
It was no longer useful as the essential voices were now all in the melody instruments
What are the main orchestral genres?
Symphony, (solo)concerto, and sonata
When did standardized forms begin to be normalized for most genres?
The late 1700’s
What mode were most pieces of this time written?
The major mode
What is balanced binary form?
A type of binary form that presents matierial in the dominant at the end of the A section that is then presented in the tonic at the end of the B section
Most forms of the Classical era are basically _____
Most forms of the Classical era are essentially harmonic, moving at the core between the tonic and dominant
What is rounded binary form?
A type of binary form where the return to the tonic at the end of the B section is highlighted by repeating the material that opened section A
First movement form is synonymous with what?
Sonata form
The forms of rounded binary and balanced binary can also be known as _____
Sonata form
Explain sonata form
Sonata form is consists of an A section that modulates to a B section which then modulates back to the tonic via repeating material in A or restating material in B in the tonic
Sonata form was common for the first movement in what genres during the Classical period?
Sonata form was commonly used for the first movements of symphonies, sonatas, and chamber music
Although at the time composers viewed sonata form as a type of binary form, later composers saw these in three sections. What are these sections?
Exposition, development, recapitulation
Name and describe the first section of sonata form
Exposition: first themes presented in the tonic; a transition section which brings it to the dominant or relative major with its own themes that closes on dominant
Name and describe the second section of sonata form
Development: themes from exposition are presented in new ways modulating through different keys; retransition passage brings it back to dominant
Name and describe the third section of sonata form
Recapitulation: material from exposition is restated but with everything in the tonic
Define rondo form
Type of form that presents a small binary form or period as a theme theme switches back and forth between this and another section ex: ABACAD etc.
Define slow movement sonata form
This is sonata form where the first period of the B section is omitted and it is played without repeat
Define Variations form
A small binary form or period is presented as a theme and is followed by embellished variants
Define minuet and trio from
A pair of binary form minuets, repeating the first after playing the second (ABA)
Birth and death of Domenico Scarlatti
1685-1757
What is Domenico Scarlatti known for?
His innovative and creative keyboard works
Most of Scarlatti’s sonatas use what form?
Balanced binary form
In Scarlatti’s sonatas the __________ is the most important aspect
Harmonic scheme is paramount in Scarlatti’s sonatas
In Scarlatti’s sonatas, the musical material serves what purpose?
The musical material is designed mainly to active the texture, although more melodic sections in galant style exist
Where was the sonata mainly developed outside of Italy?
Germany
Who was the most influential German innovator for sonata form and keyboard?
C.P.E. Bach
Who’s published sets of sonatas helped establish the three movement structure?
C.P.E. Bach with The Prussian (1742) and Wurttemburg (1744) sonatas
Define symphony, as it pertains to the Classical era
In the Classical era the symphony was an orchestral work in three or four movements, mainly homophonic texture, without the division between soloists and orchestra that concertos have
Which director of the Mannheim orchestra first used the standard four movement structure for the symphony?
Johann Stamitz (1717-1757)
How did Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf (1739-1799) anticipate the program music that was to appear later?
By injecting elements of Greek mythology and other non musical elements into some of his symphonies and chamber works
What French genre emerged after 1770 that is similar to the concerto grosso?
The symphonie concertante, which features two or more soloists who are given the most important matierial
Who was Chevaler de Saint-Georges?
He was a french composer of symphonie concertante, who the first composer of African descent to gain recognition in western culture
Who was among the first people to composer piano concertos?
Johann Christian Bach (1735-1782)
How are baroque and classical solo concertos different?
The solos during the Classical period followed the period sonata structure, acting as exposition, development, and recapitulation
Who was an early Italian composer of symphonies and when did he live?
Giaovanni Sammartini (1700-1775)
Who was an early German composer of symphonies, and in what city did he live and direct the famous orchestra there?
Johann Stamitz (1717-1757)
Birth and death dates of Johann Stamitz, German symphonist and director of the Mannheim orchestra
1717-1757
A string quartet in which the parts are treated with equal importance is a______
Concertante quartet
