Chapter 22 - Instrumental Music: Sonata Symphony, and Concerto

Question 1

Who invented the piano?

Answer 1

Bartolemeo Cristofori (1655-1732)

Question 2

When was the Piano invented?

Answer 2

In 1700 by Bartolemeo Cristofori (1655-1732)

Question 3

Music making was often a _____ during the classical era

Answer 3

Music making was a social activity

Question 4

Chamber music became popular for use in performance as well as home entertainment. Why was this?

Answer 4

Music making became an important social function for entertainment and courtship, and the rise of the middle class and the growing interest of music created many amateur musicians

Question 5

What does a string quartet consist of?

Answer 5

Two violins, Viola, and Bass

Question 6

What was the only wind instrument that amateurs commonly played at the time?

Answer 6

The Flute

Question 7

Why were there no amateur wind ensembles during the Classical period?

Answer 7

The instruments were considered too hard to play or inappropriate for women

Question 8

What did a wind ensemble typically consist of?

Answer 8

Two oboes/ clarinets, two bassoons, and two horns

Question 9

What was the most essential part of the orchestra during the Classical period?

Answer 9

The string section, everything else was for support

Question 10

When did basso continuo fade out of orchestral settings?

Answer 10

The last quarter of the eighteenth century

Question 11

Why did basso continuo fall out of practice?

Answer 11

It was no longer useful as the essential voices were now all in the melody instruments

Question 12

What are the main orchestral genres?

Answer 12

Symphony, (solo)concerto, and sonata

Question 13

When did standardized forms begin to be normalized for most genres?

Answer 13

The late 1700’s

Question 14

What mode were most pieces of this time written?

Answer 14

The major mode

Question 15

What is balanced binary form?

Answer 15

A type of binary form that presents matierial in the dominant at the end of the A section that is then presented in the tonic at the end of the B section

Question 16

Most forms of the Classical era are basically _____

Answer 16

Most forms of the Classical era are essentially harmonic, moving at the core between the tonic and dominant

Question 17

What is rounded binary form?

Answer 17

A type of binary form where the return to the tonic at the end of the B section is highlighted by repeating the material that opened section A

Question 18

First movement form is synonymous with what?

Answer 18

Sonata form

Question 19

The forms of rounded binary and balanced binary can also be known as _____

Answer 19

Sonata form

Question 20

Explain sonata form

Answer 20

Sonata form is consists of an A section that modulates to a B section which then modulates back to the tonic via repeating material in A or restating material in B in the tonic

Question 21

Sonata form was common for the first movement in what genres during the Classical period?

Answer 21

Sonata form was commonly used for the first movements of symphonies, sonatas, and chamber music

Question 22

Although at the time composers viewed sonata form as a type of binary form, later composers saw these in three sections. What are these sections?

Answer 22

Exposition, development, recapitulation

Question 23

Name and describe the first section of sonata form

Answer 23

Exposition: first themes presented in the tonic; a transition section which brings it to the dominant or relative major with its own themes that closes on dominant

Question 24

Name and describe the second section of sonata form

Answer 24

Development: themes from exposition are presented in new ways modulating through different keys; retransition passage brings it back to dominant

Question 25

Name and describe the third section of sonata form

Answer 25

Recapitulation: material from exposition is restated but with everything in the tonic

Question 26

Define rondo form

Answer 26

Type of form that presents a small binary form or period as a theme theme switches back and forth between this and another section ex: ABACAD etc.

Question 27

Define slow movement sonata form

Answer 27

This is sonata form where the first period of the B section is omitted and it is played without repeat

Question 28

Define Variations form

Answer 28

A small binary form or period is presented as a theme and is followed by embellished variants

Question 29

Define minuet and trio from

Answer 29

A pair of binary form minuets, repeating the first after playing the second (ABA)

Question 30

Birth and death of Domenico Scarlatti

Answer 30

1685-1757

Question 31

What is Domenico Scarlatti known for?

Answer 31

His innovative and creative keyboard works

Question 32

Most of Scarlatti’s sonatas use what form?

Answer 32

Balanced binary form

Question 33

In Scarlatti’s sonatas the __________ is the most important aspect

Answer 33

Harmonic scheme is paramount in Scarlatti’s sonatas

Question 34

In Scarlatti’s sonatas, the musical material serves what purpose?

Answer 34

The musical material is designed mainly to active the texture, although more melodic sections in galant style exist

Question 35

Where was the sonata mainly developed outside of Italy?

Answer 35

Germany

Question 36

Who was the most influential German innovator for sonata form and keyboard?

Answer 36

C.P.E. Bach

Question 37

Who’s published sets of sonatas helped establish the three movement structure?

Answer 37

C.P.E. Bach with The Prussian (1742) and Wurttemburg (1744) sonatas

Question 38

Define symphony, as it pertains to the Classical era

Answer 38

In the Classical era the symphony was an orchestral work in three or four movements, mainly homophonic texture, without the division between soloists and orchestra that concertos have

Question 39

Which director of the Mannheim orchestra first used the standard four movement structure for the symphony?

Answer 39

Johann Stamitz (1717-1757)

Question 40

How did Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf (1739-1799) anticipate the program music that was to appear later?

Answer 40

By injecting elements of Greek mythology and other non musical elements into some of his symphonies and chamber works

Question 41

What French genre emerged after 1770 that is similar to the concerto grosso?

Answer 41

The symphonie concertante, which features two or more soloists who are given the most important matierial

Question 42

Who was Chevaler de Saint-Georges?

Answer 42

He was a french composer of symphonie concertante, who the first composer of African descent to gain recognition in western culture

Question 43

Who was among the first people to composer piano concertos?

Answer 43

Johann Christian Bach (1735-1782)

Question 44

How are baroque and classical solo concertos different?

Answer 44

The solos during the Classical period followed the period sonata structure, acting as exposition, development, and recapitulation

Question 45

Who was an early Italian composer of symphonies and when did he live?

Answer 45

Giaovanni Sammartini (1700-1775)

Question 46

Who was an early German composer of symphonies, and in what city did he live and direct the famous orchestra there?

Answer 46

Johann Stamitz (1717-1757)

Question 47

Birth and death dates of Johann Stamitz, German symphonist and director of the Mannheim orchestra

Answer 47

1717-1757

Question 48

A string quartet in which the parts are treated with equal importance is a______

Answer 48

Concertante quartet