The Academic World List Flashcards

1
Q

assessment (n.)

A

*DEĞERLENDİRME
#Would you say that is a fair assessment of the situation?
#We conduct an annual assessment of the system to determine the need for any safety improvements.
#realistic assessment

==evaluation (syn.)

**assess (v.) = değerlendirmek = evaluate (v.)
#The insurers will need to assess the flood damage.

**reassess (v.) = yeniden değerlendirme
#We need to reassess our values as a nation.

**unassessed (adj.) = değerlendirilmemiş

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2
Q

authority (n.)

A

*the moral or legal right or ability : YETKİ, OTORİTE
#The United Nations has used/exerted/exercised its authority to restore peace in the area.
#I’ll give my lawyers authority (= permission) to act on my behalf.
#She spoke with authority.
#the health authority.

**the authorities: yetkililer (polis gibi)
#I’m going to report these potholes to the authorities.

**authorize (v.) = yetkilendirmek
# I authorized my bank to pay her £3,000.

**authorization (n.) = yetki, yetkilendirme

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3
Q

consistent (adj.)

A

*SÜREKLİ =regular=persistent=constant
#There has been a consistent improvement in her attitude.

*TUTARLI =coherent=logical=agreeing
#What the witness said in court was not consistent with the statement he made to the police.

**inconsistent (adj.) = tutarsız

**consistency (n.) = tutarlılık = coherence = cohesion
#It’s important to show some consistency in your work.
**inconsistency (n.) = tutarsızlık = difference
#There are a few inconsistencies in what you’ve written.

**consistently (adv.) = sürekli olarak
#The president has consistently denied the rumours.

**consist of something (v.) = -den oluşmak
#The team consists of four Europeans and two Americans.

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4
Q

constitutional (adj.)

A

*ANAYASAL, ANAYASAYA UYGUN
#Such a policy would not be constitutional.
#Freedom of speech should be a constitutional right.
**constitutional order (anayasal düzen)

**constitution = ANAYASA
#Britain has no written constitution.
#the Constitution of the United States

**unconstitutional (adj.) =anayasaya aykırı
#Changing the law in this way would be unconstitutional.

**constitute = oluşturmak, teşkil etmek, kurmak
#The president said that these policies constitute a threat to the United States.

**constituted (adj.) = kurulmuş, oluşturulmuş

**constituency (n.) = seçmenler, seçim çevresi
#a rural/urban constituency
#He angered his constituency by voting against the bill.

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5
Q

context (n.)

A

*BAĞLAM
#in historical context.
#This small battle is very important in the context of Scottish history.

**contextual = bağlamsal

** contextualize = bağlama oturtmak
#We need to contextualize the problem before we can understand its origin.

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6
Q

interpretation (n.)

A

*YORUM, AÇIKLAMA
#The dispute is based on two widely differing interpretations of the law.
#The rules are vague and open to interpretation.
#It is difficult for many people to accept a literal interpretation of the Bible.

== explanation = understanding

**interpret (v.) = yorumlamak, tercümanlık yapmak
#A jury should not interpret the silence of a defendant as a sign of guilt.
#We had to ask our guide to interpret for us.

**interpretive (adj.) = yorumlayıcı
**misinterpret (v.) = yanlış yorumlamak

**open to interpretation = yoruma açık

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7
Q

derive (v.)

A

*-den türemek
#The institute derives all its money from foreign investments.

**derived (adj.)= elde edilmiş, türetilmiş
#derived products

**derivative (adj.) = türevsel
#His painting/style is very derivative.

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8
Q

formula (n.)

A

*FORMÜL
#There’s no magic formula for success.

**formulate (v.) = formüle etmek
#to formulate a new plan

**formulation (n.) = formülasyon
#Einstein’s formulations about gravity and light

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9
Q

administration (n.)

A

*YÖNETİM = management
#Teachers complain that more of their time is taken up with administration than with teaching.
#by the school administration.
#the Obama administration.

**administrator = yönetici, idareci

**administrate = administer = yönetmek = manage
#The economy has been badly administered by the present government.

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10
Q

aspect (n.)

A

*YÖN, AÇI, TARAF, GÖRÜNÜŞ
#Which aspects of the job do you most enjoy?
#His illness affects almost every aspect of his life.
#Have you thought about the problem from every aspect?

=view

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11
Q

perceive (v.)

A

*ALGILAMAK
#How do the French perceive the British?
#Bill perceived a tiny figure in the distance.

**perception (n.) = ALGI
#We have to change the public’s perception that money is being wasted.
#These photographs will affect people’s perceptions of war.

*perceiving (n.) = algılama

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12
Q

assistance (v.)

A

*YARDIM
#The company needs more financial assistance from the government.

**assist = to help
#The company said it would assist workers in finding new jobs.

**assistant
#an administrative/office assistant
#a sales/shop assistant

**assisted = desteklenmiş

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13
Q

commission (v. n.)

A

*v. = GÖREVLENDİRMEK
== authorize = delegate task = instruct
#She’s commissioned an artist to paint her portrait.

*n.= KOMİSYON (grup)
#The government has set up/established a commission to investigate the problem of inner-city violence.

**commissioned = görevli, görevlendirilmiş
**commissioner = komiser
**commissioning = görevlendirilme

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14
Q

conduct (v.)

A

*YÜRÜTMEK, SÜRDÜRMEK, YAPMAK (belirli bir faaliyeti)
#The experiments were conducted by scientists in New York.
#How you choose to conduct your private life is your own business!

*BİRİNİ GÖTÜRMEK
#The protesters were conducted from the courtroom by two police officers.

*MÜZİK PERFORMANSINI YÖNETMEK
#The orchestra was conducted by Mira Shapur.

**Noun = davranış, yönetim
#bad/excellent/disgraceful conduct

**conduct of war = savaşın idaresi
**course of conduct = davranış biçimi
**criminal conduct = suç oluşturan davranış

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15
Q

construction (n.)

A

*YAPIM, YAPI, İNŞAAT, İNŞA
#The bridge is a marvellous work of engineering and construction.
#This website is currently under construction

==CREATİON=BUİLDİNG=STRUCTURE

**construct (v.) = İNŞA ETMEK
#to construct a new bridge/building
#to construct a story/sentence/argument

**constructing = inşaat, inşa etme

**constructive = YAPICI
#She criticized my writing, but in a way that was very constructive.
#If you don’t have anything constructive to say, it’s better to say nothing.

**reconstruct = yeniden kurmak/yapmak/düzenlemek
#The police tried to reconstruct the crime using the statements of witnesses.

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16
Q

distinction (n.)

A

*AYRIM, FARK
#This company makes no distinction between the sexes.

==differentiation = difference = discrimination = seperation

*SEÇKİNLİK, ÜRTÜNLÜK
#a writer/scientist/wine of distinction

**distinct (adj.) = farklı, belirgin
#There’s a distinct smell of cigarettes in here.
#The two concepts are quite distinct (from each other).

**distinctly (adv.) = belirgin biçimde, farklı biçimde
#His every word could be heard quite distinctly.

**distinctive (adj.) = farklı, karakteristik, özgün
#She’s got a very distinctive voice.

**indistinct (adj.) = belirsiz
#an indistinct shape/sound

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17
Q

equation (n.)

A

*EŞİTLİK, DENKLEM
#Managing the economy is a complex equation of controlling inflation and reducing unemployment.
#In the equation 3x - 3 = 15, x = 6.
#There is a tendency in movies to make the equation between violence and excitement.

**equate (v.) = bir tutma, eşit tutma
#People sometimes equate money with happiness.

**equated = ortalama

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18
Q

feature (n.)

A

*NİTELİK, ÖZELLİK
#The town’s main features are its beautiful mosque and ancient marketplace.
#Our latest model of phone has several new features.
#Her eyes are her best feature.

==characteristic=aspect=quality=trait

*uzun makale

*V.= özellik taşımak, karakterize etmek

**featured = özellikli, dikkat çeken

**featuring = eşlik eden, düet

**be featured in = (televizyonda vb.) yayınlanmak, tanıtılmak

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19
Q

item (n.)

A

*MADDE, PARÇA, KALEM
#the last item on the list
#There are three items on the agenda.

**itemize = listelemek
#I always itemize deductions on my income tax.

**itemisation = maddeleme, listeleme

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20
Q

maintenance (n.)

A

*BAKIM == care
#Old houses need a lot of maintenance.
#There are thorough maintenance checks on each plane before take-off.

*KORUMA ==conservation=preservation
#the maintenance of living standards

*NAFAKA
#He refused to pay maintenance for his three children.

**maintain = sürdürmek, korumak, bakım yapmak, geçindirmek
#We have standards to maintain. (=protect=keep=preserve)
#Despite living in different countries, the two families have maintained close links. (continue=keep=sustain)
#A large house costs a lot to maintain. (care)
#They barely earn enough to maintain themselves and their four children. (=care for = provide for)

**maintained = korunmuş
**maintaining = koruma

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21
Q

relevant (adj.)

A

*İLGİLİ, ALAKALI
#Education should be relevant to the child’s needs.
#We turned over relevant documents to the investigating team.

**irrelevant = alakasız

**relevance (n.) = ilgi, alaka X irrelevance = alakasızlık
#What relevance does that point have to the discussion?

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22
Q

sought (v3)

A

*Seek = ARAMAK (fiziksel değil)
#”Are you actively seeking jobs?” she asked.
#Legal advice should be sought before you take any further action.

==explore=investigate=follow=request

**seeking (n.) = arayış, arama

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23
Q

compensation (n.)

A

*TAZMİNAT
#She received £40,000 in compensation for a lost eye.
#a compensation claim
#entitle compensation

*TELAFİ
#Free food was no compensation for a very boring evening.

*ÜCRET, MAAŞ
#Annual compensation for our executives includes salary, bonus, and other benefits.

**COMPENSATE (v.) = tazmin etmek, telafi etmek
#Nothing will ever compensate for his lost childhood.

**compensatory (adj.) = tazmin edici, telafi edici

**restitute = iade etmek, eski hale getirmek

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24
Q

consent (n.)

A

*ONAY, RIZA, İZİN == aggreement = concession = approval = compliance = permission = permit
#They can’t publish your name without your consent.
#Patients must be informed of the risks of the surgery and give their informed consent.
#You can withdraw consent at any time if you feel uncomfortable.
#informed consent
# mutual consent

**v. = izin vermek
#The director consented to change the ending of the movie.

**by common consent = most people agree

**consenting (adj.) = rızaya dayalı, rızası olan
#This is a straightforward contract between consenting parties.

**consensus (n.) = FİKİR BİRLİĞİ
#Could we reach a consensus on this matter? Let’s take a vote.

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25
considerable (adj.)
*HATRI SAYILIR DERECEDE, ÖNEMLİ, BÜYÜK #The fire caused considerable damage to the church. ==huge=extensive=astronomical=major=noticeable=substantial=great=significant **considerably (adv.) = oldukça, önemli derecede #Technology has advanced considerably since then. ==remarkably=noticeably=substantially=greatly
26
constant( adj.)
*SÜREKLİ = consistent =persistent = sustained #He's in constant trouble with the police. *SABİT #The fridge keeps food at a constant temperature. **constantly (adv.) = sürekli olarak #He's constantly changing his mind. **CONSTANCY = sabitlik, sebat, istikrar, bağlılık
27
constrain (v.)
*KISITLAMAK, SINIRLAMAK = constrict = inhibit = restrain =curb = confine #The country's progress was constrained by a leader who refused to look forward. #Rising energy costs are constraining consumer and business spending. **constraint (n.) = KISITLAMA = pressure = restraint = restriction #The constraints of politeness wouldn't allow her to say what she really thought about his cooking. #Financial constraints on the company are preventing them from employing new staff. **constraining = zorlama, kısıtlayan
28
convention (n.)
*KONGRE ==conference = meeting #the national Democratic convention #Where are they holding their party convention? *SÖZLEŞME (devletler arasında) = agreement = protocol #the Geneva Convention #a convention on human rights *GELENEK =practice = tradition = code = law = rule #In many countries it is the/a convention to wear black at funerals. **conventional (adj.) = geleneksel #conventional behaviour/attitudes/clothes #conventional medicine/farming **conventionally (adv.) = geleneksel olarak **convene (v.) = toplamak (insanları toplantı için) #The prime minister convened (a meeting of) his cabinet to discuss the matter.
29
core (n.)
*ÖZ (en önemli parça) = basis = bottom line = essence = origin = center #The lack of government funding is at the core of the problem. *ÇEKİRDEK #Don't throw your apple core on the floor! #The earth's core is a hot, molten mix of iron and nickel. **coring (n.) = çekirdeğini çıkarma
30
deduction (n.)
*ÇIKARMA, DÜŞME (miktar olarak) #The interest I receive on my savings account is paid after the deduction of tax. *KESİNTİ #After deductions, his taxable income is $30,000. *ÇIKARIM, TÜMDENGELİM #Through a process of deduction, the detectives discovered the identity of the killer. #All we can do is make deductions from the available facts. **deduce (v.) = çıkarım yapmak, sonuç çıkarmak #We cannot deduce very much from these figures.
31
framework (n.)
*ÇERÇEVE, YAPI İSKELETİ (kurallar ve fikirler açısından) #a legal framework for resolving disputes **determine the framework = çerçeveyi belirlemek **within this framework = bu çerçevede/kapsamda **legal framework = yasal çerçeve **framework agreement = çerçeve anlaşma **frame = çerçeve, yapı
32
exclude (v.)
*ÇIKARMAK, DIŞLAMAK, UZAKLAŞTIRMAK, HARİÇ TUTMAK #Women are still excluded from the club. #Microbes must, as far as possible, be excluded from the room during an operation. #Tom has been excluded from school for bad behaviour. #The price excludes local taxes. #exclude them from society **exclusion (n.) = çıkarılma #Her exclusion from the invitation list was a mistake. **exclusion zone = yasak bölge **exclusive (adj.) = özel, seçkin #This room is for the exclusive use of guests. # #an exclusive private club **exclusively (adv.) = sadece, yalnızca, münhasıran #an exclusively female audience **exclusionist (n.) = dışlayıcı, tekelci **exclusionary (adj.) = münhasır, dışlayıcı, ayrımcı, hariç tutan X include (v.) = dahil etmek, katmak, içermek **inclusive (adj.) = kasayıcı, içine alan **inclusion (n.) = içerme, kapsama
33
imply (v.)
*İMA ETMEK #I'm not implying anything about your cooking, but could we eat out tonight? *İÇERMEK (anlamına gelmek) #Socialism implies equality. **implied (adj.) = imalı #I detected an implied criticism of the way he was treated. **implication (n.) = İMA, ETKİ #The implication was that the workers and management had already reached an agreement. #What are the implications of the new law? **as the name implies = adından da anlaşılacağı gibi #Variable rate loans, as the name implies, have a variable interest rate.
34
initial (adj., n.)
*İLK = beginning = primary = introductory #Initial reports say that seven people have died, though this has not yet been confirmed. *BAŞ HARF #They carved their initials into a tree. **initially (adv.) = başlangıçta, ilk olarak #The ceremony, initially planned for this month, was postponed. **initial offer = başlangıç teklifi
35
instance (n., v.)
*ÖRNEK (meydana gelen bir durumun örneği) #I don't usually side with the management, but in this instance, I agree with what they're saying. ==case=situation=example=occasion=particular *ÖRNEK VERMEK #She argued the need for legal reform and instanced several recent cases with grossly unfair verdicts.
36
interaction (n.)
*ETKİLEŞİM #Language games are usually intended to encourage student interaction. **interaction with sb. = #We select employees who will be good at face-to-face interaction with customers. **interaction between sb. and sb.= #There's not enough interaction between the management and the workers. **consumer interaction = #Each customer interaction is an opportunity to create a good impression. **İNTERACT (v.) = etkileşim kurmak, etkileşime girmek #It's interesting at parties to see how people interact socially. #We are studying how these two chemicals interact. **interactive (adj.) = etkileşimli #interactive teaching methods #an interactive game/video **interactively (adv.) = karşılıklı #Players go online simultaneously and play interactively in a virtual world.
37
justification (n.)
*GEREKÇE (haklı, iyi), gerekçelendirme = reason = excuse = explanation #There is no justification for treating people so badly. **compelling justification = haklı/zorlayıcı gerekçe **justify (v.) = haklı gerekçe göstermek, savunmak #I can't really justify taking another day off work. #Are you sure that these measures are justified? #It was the only thing that I could do - I don't have to justify myself to anyone. **justified (adj.) = *justifiable = haklı #I accept that the criticism is completely justified. #Her actions were quite justifiable in the circumstances. **justifiably (adv.) = haklı olarak #People are justifiably angry. **unjustified (adj.) = haksız #The defendant had supreme and, as it turned out, unjustified confidence in his own judgment.
38
layer (n.)
*TABAKA #the ozone layer #There was a thin layer of oil on the surface of the water. #thick layer X thin layer *KATMAN (insan) #We've cut the number of management layers from five to three. **layered = katmanlı
39
proportion (n.)
*BÖLÜM #The report shows that poor families spend a larger proportion of their income on food. *ORAN #The proportion of women to men at my college was about five to one. *ORANTILI = in proportion X out of proportion (orantısız) #Your legs are very much in proportion to (= the right size for) the rest of your body. #My head was much nearer the camera than the rest of me so I'm all out of proportion. **proportional (adj.) = **proportionate (adj.) = ORANTILI #Weight is proportional to size. **proportionally (adv.) = oransal olarak #Unemployment is proportionally much higher in the north of the country. **disproportion (n.) = orantısızlık #The disproportion between the number of votes and the number of seats is apparent. **disproportionate (adj.) = orantısız, dengesiz, aşırı
40
register (v., n)
*KAYIT YAPTIRMAK, KAYDETMEK, KAYDETTİRMEK =enter in list = record = enroll = sign up #I registered the car in my name. #The earthquake was too small to register on the Richter scale. *KAYIT, SİCİL, LİSTE #Guests write their names in the (hotel) register. #Is your name on the register of voters? #criminal registers #registers of birth **registered (adj.) = kayıtlı, tescilli #a registered nurse/charity/trademark **registration (n.) = kayıt, plaka #voter registration #Police are looking for a small blue car with the registration number B34-ACS. **deregister = kayıt silmek
41
reliance (n.)
*GÜVEN, BEL BAĞLAMA = dependence = confidence #The region's reliance on tourism is unwise. **reliant (adj.) = bağımlı, güvenen, bel bağlayan **rely (n.) = güvenmek, dayanmak #The success of this project relies on everyone making an effort. #I rely on you for good advice. **reliable (adj.) = güvenilir #reliable information **reliably (adv.) = güvenilir şekilde #I am reliably informed that you have been talking about resigning from the company. **unreliable (adj.) = güvenilmez #unreliable evidence **reliability (n.) = güvenilirlik #Rolls-Royce cars are famous for their quality and reliability.
42
scheme (n.,v.)
*PLAN = blueprint = arrangement = plan = project #a training/housing/play scheme #a pension/savings scheme *ENTRİKA ÇEVİRMEK #All her assistants were scheming against her. **schematic (adj.) = şematik #a schematic diagram/outline *schematically (adv.) = şematik olarak #Those objectives can be arranged schematically. **in the great scheme of things = büyük resimde, büyük resme bakarsak
43
sequence (n.,v.)
*DİZİ, SIRA, SİLSİLE, DİZİLİŞ #The first chapter describes the strange sequence of events that led to his death. #Is there a particular sequence in which you have to perform these tasks? #RNA sequence *SEKANS #The movie's opening sequence is of a very unpleasant murder. *SIRALAMAK #They discussed how to sequence the steps in the plan.
44
specify (v.)
*BELİRTMEK #The newspaper report did not specify how the men were killed. #He said we should meet but didn't specify a time. **specifiable = belirlenebilir **specified = belirtilen, belirlenmiş **unspecified = belirtilmemiş, belirsiz **specifying = belirtme **specific = belirli
45
commitment (n.)
*TAAHHÜT = obligation = engagement #Can you give a commitment that the money will be made available? *BAĞLILIK = dependence = adherence = engagement #I'd like to thank the staff for having shown such commitment. *SORUMLULUK = responsibility #Having a dog is a big commitment. **COMMİT (v.) = işlemek (suç vb.) = act = carry out = perform = execute #to commit adultery/murder #to commit an offence (suç işlemek) adamak = dedicate = devote #Like so many men, he has problems committing himself to a relationship. hapse atılmak = be imprisoned #He was committed to prison for fraud. **commit suicide = intihar etmek
46
cycle (n.,v.)
*BİSİKLET #A thousand people took part in the region's biggest-ever cycle race. *DÖNGÜ = course = period = series = era #the life cycle of a moth *BİSİTKLETLE GİTMEK #Most of the kids cycle or walk to school. **cyclic (adj.) = **cyclical = döngüsel #Cyclic changes in a star's position can reveal bodies that are orbiting it. #Changes in the economy have followed a cyclical pattern. **recycle = geri dönüştürmek
47
dimension (n.)
*BOYUT (büyüklük, ebat) #Please specify the dimensions (= the height, length and width) of the room. #a building of vast dimensions *BOYUT (soyut anlamda) #His personality has several dimensions. #These weapons add a new dimension to modern warfare. **dimensional (adj.) = boyutlu, boyutsal #a three-dimensional figure #The project was a challenge because of the dimensional limitations of the space. #I would say all the characters are strong, dimensional, fully-imagined women. **multidimensional (adj.) = çok boyutlu #Crime is a multidimensional problem.
48
granted (conj.)
*KABUL ETMEK GEREKİRSE/GEREKİR Kİ #Granted that the story's true, there's not a lot you can do about it. *GRANT = v.>>burs, bağış #a student/research grant // a local authority/government grant n.>>izin vermek, kabul etmek, onaylamak, hakkı vermek #He was granted asylum. #They granted her an entry visa. #She granted their request/wish. **take (sth ,sb) for granted = kanıksamak, doğal karşılamak, hafife almak #I didn't realize that Melanie hadn't been to college - I suppose I just took it for granted. #One of the problems with relationships is that after a while you just take each other for granted.
49
hence (adv.)
*DOLAYISIYLA, BU SEBEPLE = therefore = for this reason = thus #His mother was Italian, hence his name - Luca.
50
implementation (n.)
*UYGULAMA, UYGULANMA, YÜRÜRLÜĞE KOYMA #implementation of the law/agreement **implement = yürürlüğe koyma, alet **implemented = uygulanmış, yerine getirilmiş
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integration (n.)
*ENTEGRASYON,UYUM, BİRLEŞTİRME #racial/cultural integration #He creates a seamless integration of contemporary and historic images. *integrate (v.) = entegre olmak, entegre etmek, bütünleştirmek #Children are often very good at integrating into a new culture. #The idea with young children is to integrate learning with play. **disintegration = dağılma, parçalanma
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label (n.,v.)
*ETİKET (somut ve mecaz) #Washing instructions should be on the label. #He seems to be stuck with the label of "troublemaker". *MARKA = brand = marker = company = design = logo = trademark #Her favourite designer label (= maker of expensive clothes) is Armani. *ETİKETLEMEK #If you spend any time in prison, you're labelled as a criminal for the rest of your life. **labelled = etiketli, damgalı
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output (n.)
*ÜRETİM, ÇIKTI, ÜRÜN, HASILAT #Last year manufacturing output fell by 14 percent. #agricultural/industrial output **aggregate output
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phase (n.)
*AŞAMA, EVRE, SAFHA = period = chapter = stage = step #We're entering a new phase in international relations. #When I was in my early teens I went through a phase of only ever wearing black.
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principal (adj.)
*BAŞLICA, ASIL, ESAS, BAŞ = major = primary = leading = essential = main = fundamental #Iraq's principal export is oil. #That was my principal reason for moving. *OKUL MÜDÜRÜ *ana para **principally (adv.) = ağırlıklı olarak #The advertising campaign is aimed principally at women. **principle (n.) = İLKE, PRENSİP #the principles of the criminal justice system. #In principle I agree with the idea, but in practice, it's not always possible. **principled (adj.) = prensipli, ilkeli #She was a very principled woman. **unprincipled (adj.) = ilkeli #an unprincipled politician
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promote (v.)
*TEŞVİK ETMEK, TANITIMINI YAPMAK = encourage = stimulate (kamçılamak) #A new campaign has been launched to promote safe driving. #promote growth/business/development #promote efficiency/innovation #promote democracy/diversity *TERFİ ETMEK #She was promoted to division manager last year. **promotion (n.) = promosyon, TEŞVİK, TERFİ #a sales promotion #the promotion of a healthy lifestyle #The job offers excellent promotion prospects. **promoter (n.) = destekçi, organizatör #a promoter of peace/sexual equality #a boxing/rock concert promoter
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resolution (n.)
*KARAR = decision #to approve/adopt a resolution #I made a resolution to give up chocolate. *KARARLILIK = determination #He showed great resolution in facing the robbers. *ÇÖZÜM, ÇÖZÜLME = solving #a successful resolution to the crisis *ÇÖZÜNÜRLÜKLÜ = detail #a high/low resolution image *AYRIŞTIRILMA = separation #the resolution of oil into bitumen and tar. **resolute (adj.) = kararlı = determined #She's utterly resolute in her refusal to apologize. **resolve ( v.) = çözmek, karar vermek = solve = determine = decide #Have you resolved the problem of transport yet? #She resolved that she would never speak to him again.
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retain (v.)
*TUTMAK, KORUMAK, MUHAFAZA ETMEK #She has lost her battle to retain control of the company. #She succeeded in retaining her lead in the second half of the race. #I have a good memory and am able to retain (= remember) facts easily. == hold = keep = maintain = preserve **retention (n.) = muhafaza etme, korunma #The retention of old technology has slowed the company's growth.
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undertake (v.)
*ÜSTLENMEK #Students are required to undertake simple experiments. *TAAHÜT ETMEK #She undertook not to publish the names of the people involved. **undertaking = taahhüt, girişim
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adjustment (n.)
*AYAR, AYARLAMA = change = arrangement = alteration = amendment = modification #She made a few minor adjustments to the focus of her camera. *UYUM, ADAPTASYON = adaptation = becoming familiar #He has so far failed to make the adjustment from school to work. **adjust (v.) = ayarlamak, düzenlemek, düzeltmek, alışmak == accustom = adapt = alter = modify = regulate #If the chair is too high you can adjust it to suit you. #She adjusted her skirt, took a deep breath, and walked into the room. #Her eyes slowly adjusted to the dark.
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amendment (n.)
*DEĞİŞİKLİK ( metinde veya yasa tasarısında) = correction = change = modification = revision = alteration #I've made a few last-minute amendments to the article. #An amendment to the bill was agreed without a vote. *amend = değişiklik yapmak = alter = modify = revise = improve = correct #In line 20, "men" should be amended (= changed) to "people".
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compound (n.,v.)
*BİLEŞİM, BİLEŞİK = combination = mixture #Salt is a compound of sodium and chlorine. #Then there was his manner, a curious compound of humour and severity. *ARTTIRMAK, ŞİDDETLENDİRMEK = heighten = intensify = worsen #Severe drought has compounded food shortages in the region.
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consultation (n.)
*MÜZAKERE, İSTİŞARE = meeting = discussion = examination #After consultations with our accountants, we've decided how to cut costs within the company. **consult (v.) = danışmak #If the symptoms get worse, consult your doctor. **consultative (adj.) = istişari #to set up a consultative committee **consultant = danışman = advisor = specialist #a management/financial/computer consultant **consultancy = danışmanlık #They pay me for IT consultancy.
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discretion (n.)
*KETUMLUK, AĞZI SIKILIK #"Can you trust him with this?" "Yes, he's the soul of discretion (= he will not tell other people)." *TAKDİR (YETKİSİ) = judgement #I leave the decision to your discretion (= for you to decide).
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enable (v.)
*OLANAK SAĞLAMAK, KOLAYLAŞTIRMAK, İMKAN TANIMAK == allow = empower = facilitate = permit #Computerization should enable us to cut production costs by half. #Parents must always ask themselves if they are enabling their child's drug use.
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enforcement (n.)
*UYGULAMA, YÜRÜRLÜĞE KOYMA = implementation = application = imposition #Voters support the enforcement of immigration laws. **enforce (v.) = uygulamak, zorla yaptırmak = apply = carry out = implement = impose #We need to enforce the traffic laws.
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entity (n.)
*VARLIK, MAVCUDİYET #He regarded the north of the country as a separate cultural entity. #an independent/separate/single entity *KURULUŞ #a private/public entity #a small/large entity
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equivalent (n.,adj.)
*EŞDEĞER, DENK = same = similar = comparable = corresponding = equal #Ten thousand people a year die of the disease - that's the equivalent of the population of this town. **equivalence = eşdeğerlik #I don’t see any moral equivalence between the two sides.
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exposure (n.)
*MARUZ KALMA = vulnerability = hazard #Even a brief exposure to radiation is very dangerous. #Avoid prolonged exposure to sunlight. *İFŞA = disclosure #The exposure of the politician's love affair forced him to resign. **expose = ortaya çıkarmak, maruz bırakmak, ifşa etmek == display = uncover = bare = reveal = subject to
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facilitate (v.)
*to make something possible or easier: KOLAYLAŞTIRMAK = ease = simplify #The new ramp will facilitate the entry of wheelchairs. **facility (n.) = tesis = material = accommodation = equipment = tool = resource #a new sports facility **facilities (n.) = tesisler, olanaklar (ekipman, oda vs.) = #recreational/sports/leisure facilities **facilitation (n.) = kolaylaştırma #The company provides consulting and facilitation services.
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monitor (v.)
*İZLEMEK, GÖZLEMEK = control = follow = keep an eye on = observe #The nurse is monitoring his heart rate and respiration. **monitored = izlenen, gözlenen **monitoring = izlem, gözetim, izleme, dinleme
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notion (n.)
*FİKİR, DÜŞÜNCE, GÖRÜŞ #I have only a vague notion of what she does for a living. = belief = idea = concept = opinion = perception = thought = approach = view
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reject (v.)
*REDDETMEK = refuse = deny = dismiss = veto = decline = disacknowledge #The appeal was rejected by the court. **rejection = reddetme, ret = denial = refusal = elimination = dismissal = veto #I've applied for ten jobs, but I've had ten rejections/rejection letters.
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revenue (n.)
*GELİR = income = profit = earnings = fund = gain = pay = salary #Taxes provide most of the government's revenue. #Government revenues fell dramatically. #average revenue **Maaş = salary = wage = earnings = payment = fee **Ücret = charge = price = wage = fee = cost = pay
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substitution (n.)
*İKAME, YERİNE KOYMA #People who have difficulty digesting beans can make substitutions. #Substitution of less costly materials for bricks will hurt brick-makers. **substitute = yerine geçmek, yerine koymak, yedek oyuncu #You can substitute the wheat flour with almond flour #You can substitute oil for butter (= use oil instead of butter) in this recipe.
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transition (n.)
*GEÇİŞ, DÖNÜŞÜM #The health-care system is in transition at the moment. #Retirement is a big transition. **transitional (adj.) = geçici, geçişken #We’re in a transitional period right now, and no one knows what to expect. **transit (v.,n.) = geçmek, doğrudan geçiş #Millions of passengers transit through Dubai airport every year. **transitory (adj.) = geçiçi #the transitory nature of life
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whereas (conj.)
*OYSA, HALBUKİ, İKEN #He must be about 60, whereas his wife looks about 30.
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whereby (conj.)
*by which way or method: They've set up a plan whereby you can spread the cost over a two-year period.
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aggregate (n.,adj.,v.)
*TOPLAM (noun) #They purchased an aggregate of 3,000 shares in the company. *TOPLAM ( adj.) = total = accumulated = combined = cumulative = overall #The seven companies have an aggregate turnover of £5.2 million. *TOPLAMAK (verb) = amass = collect = combine = assemble = accumulate = sum #The company aggregates news and information from a number of sources on its website. **aggregation = toplanma
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allocation (n.)
*TAHSİS, PAYLAŞTIRMA #the allocation of resources/funds/time #The allocation of space in this office is unusual. **allocate (v.) = tahsis etmek, ayırmak #The government is allocating £10 million for health education.
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assign (v.)
*GÖREV VERMEK, ATAMAK = authorize = charge = empower #The case has been assigned to our most senior officer. *BELİRLEMEK, KARARLAŞTIRMAK = determine #Have you assigned a day for the interviews yet? #Detectives have been unable to assign a motive for the murder. *ATFETMEK, TAHSİS ETMEK = allocate #Each visitor to the site chooses an online alter ego, which is assigned a name. **assignment (n.) = ÖDEV, GÖREV, ATAMA = responsibility = task = appointment = duty #I have a lot of reading assignments to complete before the end of term. #a foreign/diplomatic assignment **reassign = yeniden atamak
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brief (adj.,n.,v.)
*adj. = KISA = quick = short-lived = temporary #I had a brief look at her report before the meeting. #She was wearing a fairly brief skirt, as I recall. *v. = BİLGİLENDİRMEK = advise = explain = inform = instruct #We had already been briefed about/on what the job would entail. **İN BRİEF = kısaca = briefly #"So you didn't enjoy the party much." "In brief, no." **BRİEFİNG = bilgilendirme, avukat tutma **BREVİTY = kısalık, özlük
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capable (adj.)
*YETENEKLİ = able = accomplished = adequate = gifted = qualified = skillful = talented #She's a very capable woman/worker/judge. **incapable = yeteneksiz **capable of (sth/doing sth.) = .. yapma becerisi/kapasitesi olmak #Only the Democratic Party is capable of running the country. **capability = kapasite, yetenek = ability = capacity = power = potential = skill #These tests are beyond the capability of an average twelve-year-old.
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domain (n.)
*ARAZİ, ALAN, MAL #She treated the business as her private domain. #These documents are in the public domain (= available to everybody).
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exceed (v.)
*AŞMAK, (sınırı aşmak) #The final cost should not exceed $5,000. #The success of our campaign has exceeded our wildest expectations.
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explicit (adj.)
*AÇIK, KESİN = accurate = specific = certain = clear = definite = exact = obvious = precise #I gave her very explicit directions how to get here. **explicitly = açıkça #It should be explicitly stated exactly what the grant covers.
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incentive (n.)
*TEŞVİK = encouragement = motivation = reason #Tax incentives have been very effective in encouraging people to save and invest more of their income. **incentivize = teşvik etmek, özendirmek
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incorporate (v.)
*İÇERMEK, DAHİL ETMEK = include = combine = embody = integrate = cover #Suggestions from the survey have been incorporated into/in the final design. #This aircraft incorporates several new safety features. *FİRMA KURMAK, BÜNYESİNE DAHİL ETMEK #The company was incorporated in 2008 and is privately owned. **incorporation (n.) = katılma, kuruluş = inclusion #The bread dough will rise through the incorporation of air. #New business incorporations have increased substantially this year.
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inhibition (n.)
*ÇEKİNGENLİK, ENGELLENME = restriction = shyness #After a couple of drinks he lost his inhibition and started talking and laughing loudly. #The therapy provides inhibition of inflammation. **inhibit (v.) = ENGELLEMEK = restrict = constrain = curb = discourage = forbid = prohibit = restrain = prevent #Some workers were inhibited (from speaking) by the presence of their managers. **inhibited (adj.) = ÇEKİNGEN = shy
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initiative (n.)
*GİRİŞİM = action = leadership = enterprise =/venture #The peace initiative was welcomed by both sides. *İNİSİYATİF = drive #I shouldn't always have to tell you what to do, use your initiative **initiate (v.)= BAŞLATMAK = start = introduce = commence = begin = open #Who initiated the violence? **initiation = başlama, başlatma **initiator = öncü, başlatan kimse
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interval (n.)
*ARALIK, ARA = break = pause #We see each other at regular intervals - usually about once a month. #There will be two 20-minute intervals during the opera.
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lecture (n.,v.)
*KONFERANS, DERS = lesson = address = subject = class #We went to a lecture on Italian art. *DERS VERMEK (genellikle ünide) = speech = teach #For ten years she lectured in law. **lecturer = öğretim görevlisi = instructor = teacher = professor
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preceding (adj.)
*ÖNCEKİ, ÖNDE BULUNAN =earlier = above = previous = prior #in the preceding decade #the preceding argument **precede (v.) = önce olmak, önünde gitmek, -den önce gelmek = go ahead of #John Adams preceded Thomas Jefferson as president. #Nouns are often preceded by adjectives **precedence = öncelik = priority = highest in rank = first in order #Precedence must be given to the injured in the evacuation plans. **precedent = emsal, teamül, örnek oluşturan #The judgment on pension rights has established/set a precedent. **unprecedented = eşi benzeri görülmemiş = exceptional = original = extraordinary = uncommon = unique = unusual #This century has witnessed environmental destruction on an unprecedented scale.
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presumption (n.)
*VARSAYIM, KARİNE = assumption = belief = hypothesis = likelihood #The presumption of innocence is central to American law. #There is no scientific evidence to support such presumptions. **presume = sanmak, varsaymak, tahmin etmek = assume = pretend = suppose = guess = believe #In British law, you are presumed innocent until you are proven guilty. **presumably = muhtemelen = likely = apparently = probably = seemingly = surely = doubtless #Presumably he just forgot to send the letter. **presumptuous (adj.) = küstahlık, haddini bilmezlik #It would be presumptuous of me to comment on the matter.
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reveal (v.)
*AÇIKLAMAK, ORTAYA ÇIKARMAK = tell = disclose = announce = explain = expose = show = uncover = report #He was jailed for revealing secrets to the Russians. #Her biography revealed that she was not as rich as everyone thought. **revelation = ortaya çıkma, ifşaat #Shocking revelations about their private life appeared in the papers.
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subsidiary (adj.,n.)
*İKİNCİL, YARDIMCI = supplementary = secondary = helpful #a subsidiary role/factor *İŞTİRAK, BAĞLI ŞİRKET **subsidy = sübvansiyon, para yardımı = financial aid = allowance = grant = scholarship #The company received a substantial government subsidy. **subsidise = sübvanse etme, para yardımında bulunma = promote = fund = sponsor = conrtibute = finance #£50 would help to subsidize the training of an unemployed teenager.
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trace (n.,v.)
*İZİNİ SÜRMEK, İZİNİ BULMAK = seek = follow = pursue = track #The police are trying to trace the mother of a newborn baby found abandoned outside a hospital. #The phone company was unable to trace the call. *ÇİZMEK (çizgileri takip ederek) = draw around = copy = depict *İZ, İŞARET = evidence = footprint = hint = proof #My wallet has been missing for several days and I can't find any trace of it. **traceable = izlenebilir #In theory, most phone calls should be traceable.
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utility (n.)
*kamu destek birimi, faydalanılan kuruluş, yardımcı yazılım = service #the administration of public utilities #For several years utilities that provide drinking water have kept emergency pumps on standby. *FAYDA #The utility of this substance has been proven in a series of tests. *YARDIMCI (adj.) #utility player **utility bill = elektrik faturası **utilize = faydalanmak **utilization = yararlanma, kullanım **utiliser = kullanıcı **utilitarian = faydacı, kullanışlı = practical **utilitarianism = faydacılık
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comprehensive (adj.)
*KAPSAMLI = inclusive = complete = extensive = thorough #We offer you a comprehensive training in all aspects of the business. **a comprehensive education (UK'da bir okul türü) **comprehensively = kapsamlı = completely #The plan was comprehensively rejected. **comprehension = anlayış, kavrayış, anlama = understanding #a listening/reading comprehension
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comprehensive (adj.)
*KAPSAMLI = inclusive = complete = extensive = thorough #We offer you a comprehensive training in all aspects of the business. **a comprehensive education (UK'da bir okul türü) **comprehensively = kapsamlı = completely #The plan was comprehensively rejected. **comprehension = anlayış, kavrayış, anlama = understanding #a listening/reading comprehension
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comprise (v.)
*OLUŞMAK, OLUŞTURMAK #The course comprises a class book, a practice book, and a CD. #Italian students comprise 60 percent of the class. ==make up = consist of = compose = constitute = contain = cover = form = hold = include = involve **comprised of = -den oluşmuş **comprising = kapsayan
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confirm (v.)
*ONAYLAMAK = approve = verfy #Six people have confirmed that they will be attending and ten haven't replied yet. *DOĞRULAMAK = validate #Her announcement confirmed (that) she would be resigning as CEO. **confirmed = tasdikli (uzun süreli alışkanlıklar için) #a confirmed bachelor/atheist/tea drinker **confirmation = onay = acceptance = admission = approval = verification #a letter of confirmation #We've only received five confirmations for the conference so far.
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disposal (n.)
*BERTARAF, YOK ETME = removal #waste disposal #the disposal of hazardous substances **disposable = tek kullanımlık, kullan-at #disposable cups/cutlery/plates #daily disposable contact lenses #Pop music these days has become so disposable.
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empirical (adj.)
*AMPİRİK, DENEYSEL, GÖZLEME DAYALI = practical = experimental = observational #Empirical studies show that some forms of alternative medicine are extremely effective. **empirically (adv.) = deneysel olarak = experimentally #She proved empirically that the treatment works. **empiricism = deneycilik
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extract (v.n.)
*ÇIKARMAK, DİŞ ÇEKMEK = remove = elicit #The oil which is extracted from olives is used for cooking. #The tooth was eventually extracted. *ÖZ (ESANS) #The cream contained extracts of/from several plants. *ALINTI = quotation #They published an extract from his autobiography.
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finite (adj.)
*SINIRLI = limited = restricted = definite #The funds available for the health service are finite and we cannot afford to waste money. **infinite = SONSUZ = limitless = eternal = boundless = immense #an infinite number/variety #The universe is theoretically infinite. **infinitely = çok = extremely #Travel is infinitely more comfortable now than it used to be.
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foundation (n.)
*TEMEL, DAYANAK = base #the foundation of a new state *VAKIF, KURULUŞ = association = charity = institute = organisation #the Environmental Research Foundation **be without foundation = asılsız #These allegations (iddia) are completely without foundation. **foundation anniversary = kuruluş yıl dönümü
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infer (v.)
*ANLAM/SONUÇ ÇIKARMAK = assume = presume = guess = interpret = reckon #I inferred from her expression that she wanted to leave. **inference = çıkarım = assumption = presumption = interpretation #His change of mind was recent and sudden, the inference being that someone had persuaded him.
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insert (v.)
*ARASINA/İÇİNE SOKMAK = put = enter = inject #Insert the key in/into the lock. *EKLEMEK (yazı) = fill in #I've filled in the form, but you still need to insert (= add) your bank details and date of birth. **insertion = ekleme, ilave = injection #Any editorial insertions you make should be enclosed in square brackets.
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intervene (v.)
*MÜDAHALE ETMEK, ARAYA GİRMEK = interfere #The Central Bank intervened in the currency markets today to try to stabilize the exchange rate. *GEÇMEK (zaman) #Two decades intervened between the completion of the design and the opening of the theatre. **intervention = MÜDAHALE = interference #Half the people questioned said they were opposed to military intervention in the civil war.
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paradigm (n.)
*ÖRNEK, MODEL, NUMUNE = example = model = pattern = sample = standart #Some of these educators are hoping to produce a change in the current cultural paradigm.
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publication (n.)
*YAYIN, YAYINLANMA = announcement = advertisement = broadcast = publishing #When is the publication date? *YAYIN (kitap,dergi vs.) #Our latest publication is a magazine for health enthusiasts.
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somewhat (adv.)
*BİRAZCIK, BİR DERECEYE KADAR = to some extent = a little = pretty = slightly #We were somewhat tired after our long walk. **somehow = bir şekilde = anyway
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submit (v.)
*SUNMAK, YAPMAK (başkası tarafından karar verilmek üzere..) = present = offer = propose = put #You must submit your application before 1 January. *BOYUN EĞMEK = comply = surrender #She decided to resign from the party rather than submit herself to the new rules. **submission = başvuru, boyun eğme = compliance #The final deadline for submissions is 21 February. #The teachers agreed to a special meeting, in submission to parents' demands.
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successive (adj.)
*ÜST ÜSTE, ART ARDA = following = subsequent #He won the World Championship for the third successive year. **succession (n.) = silsile, birbirini izleme = sequence = series #Life was just an endless succession of parties and dinners. #Who comes after the vice president in the presidential line of succession? **successor (n.) = halef = heir = replacement #The university is seeking a successor to its vice-chancellor, who retires this spring. **successively (adv.) = ard arda, sıra ile #The question was put successively to the other 8 members of the jury.
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transmission (n.)
*İLETİM #We rely on high-speed transmission of data. *AKTARIM, BULAŞMA, GEÇME #Communication is the sharing of meaning through the transmission of information. #Regular hand-washing is one of the main ways to help prevent the transmission of coronavirus. *ŞANZIMAN #automatic transmission **transmit (v.) = transfer = transport = convey = spread 1. iletmek #The information is transmitted electronically to the central computer. 2. bulaşmak #Other diseases, such as hepatitis, can be transmitted by blood. #Some diseases are transmitted from one generation to the next. 3. aktarmak #I'm transmitting my feelings through music.
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accumulation (n.)
*an amount of something that has been collected: BİRİKİM, BİRİKİNTİ ==gathering=amassing=aggregation #Despite this accumulation of evidence, the government persisted in doing nothing. #Accumulations of sand can be formed by the action of waves on coastal beaches. **accumulate = birikmek, biriktirmek = gather = amass = collect = assemble #We've accumulated so much rubbish over the years. #A thick layer of dust had accumulated in the room.
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ambiguous (adj.)
*BELİRSİZ, KARARSIZ (birden fazla anlamı olmak) = obscure = unclear = vague = uncertain = enigmatic #His reply to my question was somewhat ambiguous. #The government has been ambiguous on this issue. **ambiguity (n.) = BELİRSİZLİK = uncertainty = doubt = vagueness #There are some ambiguities in the legislation. **unambiguous (adj.) = NET, AÇIK = clear = obvious #The minister promised a clear and unambiguous statement on the future of the coal industry. **unambiguously = açık bir biçimde = absolutely = definitely = precisely = truly = doubtless = exactly
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appendix ( n.)
*APANDİS *EKLER, İLAVE (kitabın sonunda) (appendices = ekler) = addendum = addition #There's an appendix at the end of the book with a list of dates. **append (v.) = EKLEMEK = add = join = affix #The author appends a short footnote to the text explaining the point.
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appreciation (n.) (of/for)
*TAKDİR, TAKDİR ETME, MİNNETTARLIK = thankfulness = gratitude = acknowledgment #Max has no appreciation of the finer things in life. #The crowd cheered in appreciation. #Children rarely show any appreciation of/for what their parents do for them. **appreciate (v.) = takdir etmek #There's no point buying him expensive wines - he doesn't appreciate them. #I appreciate your making the effort to come. #I would appreciate it if you could let me know (= please let me know) in advance whether or not you will be coming. **unappreciated (adj.) = takdir edilmeyen **appreciable (adj.) = kayda değer = considerable = noticeable = significant #There has been an appreciable drop in the number of unemployed since the new government came to power. **appreciably = considerably = noticeably = remarkably = substantially
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arbitrary (adj.)
KEYFİ = random = irrational = unreasonable = subjective #an arbitrary ruler #Did you have a reason for choosing your destination or was it arbitrary? **arbitrariness = keyfilik, nedensizlik **arbitrarily = keyfi olarak