List 4 - The Scope of Tourism Flashcards
Scope (n.)
*the range of a subject covered by a book, programme, discussion, class, etc.: faaliyet alanı, kapsam
#I’m afraid that problem is beyond/outside the scope of my lecture.
Primitive (adj.)
ilkel.
#primitive man
#Early settlers/yerleşimci) had to cope(baş etmek) with very primitive living conditions.
Set out(v.)
*to start an activity with a particular aim: YOLA ÇIKMAK, SEYAHATE ÇIKMAK, BAŞLAMAK, KOYULMAK
#She set out with the aim of becoming the youngest ever winner of the championship.
#They set out to discover a cure for cancer.
#when primitive man set out, often traversing great distances in search of game, which provided the food and clothing necessary for his survival.
*to give the details of something or to explain it, especially in writing, in a clear, organized way: DÜZENLEMEK, BELİRLEMEK
#Your contract will set out the terms and conditions of your employment.
Traversing great distance (v.)
büyük mesafeler katetme
traverse(v)= to move or travel through an area:
#Stanley traversed the continent from west to east.
Game (n.)
av hayvanı
#search of game
the course of history(n)
tarihin akışı
#Throughout the course of history, people have travelled for purposes of trade, religious conviction, economic gain, war, migration and other equally compelling motivations.
**Course = kurs, rota, gidişat, akış
1) Compel (v.)
2) Compelling (adj.)
1)*to force someone to do something: ZORLAMAK, MECBUR ETMEK
#As a schoolboy he was compelled to wear shorts even in winter.
#The new circumstances compelled a change in policy.
== force to act = enforce = constrain = urge
2)*If a reason, argument, etc. is compelling, it makes you believe it or accept it because it is so strong: ZORLU, ZORLAYICI
#compelling evidence
#It’s a fairly compelling argument for going.
#other equally compelling motivations.
== irresistable = forcible = constraining
1) Convince (v.)
2) Convict (n.)
3) Convict (v.)
4) Conviction (n.)
1)*to persuade someone or make someone certain: ikna etmek, inandırmak
#He managed to convince the jury of his innocence.
== assure = persuade = gain the confidence of = prove
2)*someone who is in prison because they are guilty of a crime: mahkum
#an escaped convict
3)*to decide officially in a law court that someone is guilty of a crime: mahkum etmek.
#He has twice been convicted of robbery/arson.
== sentence = imprison = condemn
4)*the fact of officially being found to be guilty of a particular crime, or the act of officially finding someone guilty: mahkumiyet
#Since it was her first conviction for stealing, she was given a less severe sentence.
*a strong opinion or belief: inanç, kanaat
#religious/moral convictions
#It’s my personal conviction that all rapists should be locked away for life.
1) Afford advantage (v.)
2) Afford the opportunity (v.)
1) menfaat sağlamak, menfaat elde etmek
2) Fırsat vermek
#Seaside resorts located at Pompeii and Herculaneum afforded citizens the opportunity to escape to their vacation villas in order to avoid the summer heat of Rome.
Afford = parası yetmek, gücü yetmek, sağlamak
Vital (adj.)
hayati.
#Travel, throughout recorded history, has played a vital role in the development of civilisations and their economies.
1) Contribute (v.)
2) Contribution (n.)
1)*to give something, especially money, in order to provide or achieve something together with other people:
#Aren’t you going to contribute towards Jack’s leaving present?
#Her family has contributed $50,000 to the fund.
donate = provide = supply
2)*something that you contribute or do to help produce or achieve something together with other people, or to help make something successful:
#All contributions (= presents of money), no matter how small, will be much appreciated.
#tax contributions.
Distinctly (adj.)
açıkça, belirgin bir şekilde, farklı olarak
#Tourism in the mass form as we know it today is a distinctly twentieth-century phenomenon.
Relatively (adv.)
nispeten, oranla, görece
#He’s a relatively good squash player.
#There was relatively little violence.
#Historians suggest that the advent of mass tourism began in England during the industrial revolution with the rise of the middle class and the availability of relatively inexpensive transportation.
#The most common lie is that which one lies to himself; lying to others is relatively an exception.
*relative = akraba, nispi, göreceli
==almost=approximately=comparatively=nearly
Advent (v.)
*the fact of an event happening, an invention being made, or a person arriving: ortaya çıkma, geliş, olma, görünme
#Life was transformed by the advent of the steam engine.
#Historians suggest that the advent of mass tourism began in England…
(Synonyms = occurence, taking place, dawn, appearance)
subsequent (adj.)
*happening after something else: ardından, sonradan gelen, sonraki.
#The book discusses his illness and subsequent resignation from politics.
#and the subsequent development of the jet aircraft in the 1950s..
= following
expansion (v.)
*the increase of something in size, number, or importance: gelişme, genişleme, genleşme
#the rapid expansion of the software industry
#Expansion into new areas of research is possible.
#an expansion of industry
#..signalled the rapid growth and expansion of international travel.
== growth = development = enlargement = extension = increase = advance = improvement = enhancement = progress = rise
Lead to (v.)
*If an action or event leads to something, it causes that thing to happen or exist: sebep olmak, yol açmak, sürüklemek
#Reducing speed limits should lead to fewer deaths on the roads.
#This growth led to the development of a major new industry: tourism.
( Synonyms = cause, bring about, result in, make)
(Led to = ikinci hali)
1) Concern (n.)
2) Concern (v.)
1) *a worried or nervous feeling about something, or something that makes you feel worried: endişe, kaygı, ilgi, alaka
#Concern for the safety of the two missing teenagers is growing.
#My concern is that you’re not getting enough work done.
#I don’t want to hear about it - it’s no concern of mine!
#”What’s happening?” “That’s none of/not any of your concern.”
#In turn, international tourism became the concern of a number of world governments..
2)*to be important to someone or to involve someone directly:
#What I have to say to Amy doesn’t concern you.
*to cause worry to someone:
#The state of my father’s health concerns us greatly.
Segment (n.)
parça, bölüm
#One of the largest segments of the service industry is travel and tourism.
Virtually (adv.)
*almost:
#Their twins are virtually identical.
=almost=nearly=practically
*using computer technology over the internet, and not involving people physically going somewhere:
#Nowadays all these things can be experienced virtually.
*virtual = sanal
measure (n.)
*a way of achieving something, or a method for dealing with a situation: Önlem, tedbir
#What further measures can we take to avoid terrorism?
#These measures were designed to improve car safety.
#economic measure including value-added capital investment, employment and tax contributions.
== precaution = prevention
*a unit used for stating the size, weight, etc. of something, or a way of measuring: Ölçü
#weights and measures
#The sample’s density is a measure of its purity.
== ölçmek
1) Estimate (v.)
2) Estimate (n.)
1)*to guess or calculate the cost, size, value, etc. of something: tahmin etmek
#They estimate (that) the journey will take at least two weeks.
#It was difficult to estimate how many trees had been destroyed.
#In 1992, the industry’s gross output was estimated to be $3.5 trillion, over 12 per cent of all consumer spending.
2) tahmin
#We’ll accept the lowest of three estimates for the building work.
#a conservative (= low) estimate
#a rough (= not exact) estimate
in excess of
more than: -den fazla, aşan
#Last year he earned in excess of $3 million.
#capital investment in excess of $422 billion in direct, indirect and personal taxes
(Excess = aşırılık, fazlalık)
#Excess of liberty, whether it lies in state or individuals, seems only to pass into excess of slavery.
Gross National Product
Gayrisafi Milli Hasıla
#producing over 6 per cent of the world’s gross national product.
**Gross = Brüt, toptan
