List 4 - The Scope of Tourism Flashcards

1
Q

Scope (n.)

A

*the range of a subject covered by a book, programme, discussion, class, etc.: faaliyet alanı, kapsam
#I’m afraid that problem is beyond/outside the scope of my lecture.

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2
Q

Primitive (adj.)

A

ilkel.
#primitive man
#Early settlers/yerleşimci) had to cope(baş etmek) with very primitive living conditions.

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3
Q

Set out(v.)

A

*to start an activity with a particular aim: YOLA ÇIKMAK, SEYAHATE ÇIKMAK, BAŞLAMAK, KOYULMAK
#She set out with the aim of becoming the youngest ever winner of the championship.
#They set out to discover a cure for cancer.
#when primitive man set out, often traversing great distances in search of game, which provided the food and clothing necessary for his survival.

*to give the details of something or to explain it, especially in writing, in a clear, organized way: DÜZENLEMEK, BELİRLEMEK
#Your contract will set out the terms and conditions of your employment.

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4
Q

Traversing great distance (v.)

A

büyük mesafeler katetme

traverse(v)= to move or travel through an area:
#Stanley traversed the continent from west to east.

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5
Q

Game (n.)

A

av hayvanı
#search of game

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6
Q

the course of history(n)

A

tarihin akışı
#Throughout the course of history, people have travelled for purposes of trade, religious conviction, economic gain, war, migration and other equally compelling motivations.

**Course = kurs, rota, gidişat, akış

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7
Q

1) Compel (v.)
2) Compelling (adj.)

A

1)*to force someone to do something: ZORLAMAK, MECBUR ETMEK
#As a schoolboy he was compelled to wear shorts even in winter.
#The new circumstances compelled a change in policy.

== force to act = enforce = constrain = urge

2)*If a reason, argument, etc. is compelling, it makes you believe it or accept it because it is so strong: ZORLU, ZORLAYICI
#compelling evidence
#It’s a fairly compelling argument for going.
#other equally compelling motivations.

== irresistable = forcible = constraining

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8
Q

1) Convince (v.)
2) Convict (n.)
3) Convict (v.)
4) Conviction (n.)

A

1)*to persuade someone or make someone certain: ikna etmek, inandırmak
#He managed to convince the jury of his innocence.

== assure = persuade = gain the confidence of = prove

2)*someone who is in prison because they are guilty of a crime: mahkum
#an escaped convict

3)*to decide officially in a law court that someone is guilty of a crime: mahkum etmek.
#He has twice been convicted of robbery/arson.

== sentence = imprison = condemn

4)*the fact of officially being found to be guilty of a particular crime, or the act of officially finding someone guilty: mahkumiyet
#Since it was her first conviction for stealing, she was given a less severe sentence.

*a strong opinion or belief: inanç, kanaat
#religious/moral convictions
#It’s my personal conviction that all rapists should be locked away for life.

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9
Q

1) Afford advantage (v.)

2) Afford the opportunity (v.)

A

1) menfaat sağlamak, menfaat elde etmek

2) Fırsat vermek
#Seaside resorts located at Pompeii and Herculaneum afforded citizens the opportunity to escape to their vacation villas in order to avoid the summer heat of Rome.

Afford = parası yetmek, gücü yetmek, sağlamak

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10
Q

Vital (adj.)

A

hayati.
#Travel, throughout recorded history, has played a vital role in the development of civilisations and their economies.

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11
Q

1) Contribute (v.)

2) Contribution (n.)

A

1)*to give something, especially money, in order to provide or achieve something together with other people:
#Aren’t you going to contribute towards Jack’s leaving present?
#Her family has contributed $50,000 to the fund.

donate = provide = supply

2)*something that you contribute or do to help produce or achieve something together with other people, or to help make something successful:
#All contributions (= presents of money), no matter how small, will be much appreciated.
#tax contributions.

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12
Q

Distinctly (adj.)

A

açıkça, belirgin bir şekilde, farklı olarak
#Tourism in the mass form as we know it today is a distinctly twentieth-century phenomenon.

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13
Q

Relatively (adv.)

A

nispeten, oranla, görece
#He’s a relatively good squash player.
#There was relatively little violence.
#Historians suggest that the advent of mass tourism began in England during the industrial revolution with the rise of the middle class and the availability of relatively inexpensive transportation.
#The most common lie is that which one lies to himself; lying to others is relatively an exception.

*relative = akraba, nispi, göreceli

==almost=approximately=comparatively=nearly

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14
Q

Advent (v.)

A

*the fact of an event happening, an invention being made, or a person arriving: ortaya çıkma, geliş, olma, görünme
#Life was transformed by the advent of the steam engine.
#Historians suggest that the advent of mass tourism began in England…

(Synonyms = occurence, taking place, dawn, appearance)

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15
Q

subsequent (adj.)

A

*happening after something else: ardından, sonradan gelen, sonraki.
#The book discusses his illness and subsequent resignation from politics.
#and the subsequent development of the jet aircraft in the 1950s..

= following

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16
Q

expansion (v.)

A

*the increase of something in size, number, or importance: gelişme, genişleme, genleşme
#the rapid expansion of the software industry
#Expansion into new areas of research is possible.
#an expansion of industry
#..signalled the rapid growth and expansion of international travel.

== growth = development = enlargement = extension = increase = advance = improvement = enhancement = progress = rise

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17
Q

Lead to (v.)

A

*If an action or event leads to something, it causes that thing to happen or exist: sebep olmak, yol açmak, sürüklemek
#Reducing speed limits should lead to fewer deaths on the roads.
#This growth led to the development of a major new industry: tourism.

( Synonyms = cause, bring about, result in, make)
(Led to = ikinci hali)

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18
Q

1) Concern (n.)

2) Concern (v.)

A

1) *a worried or nervous feeling about something, or something that makes you feel worried: endişe, kaygı, ilgi, alaka
#Concern for the safety of the two missing teenagers is growing.
#My concern is that you’re not getting enough work done.
#I don’t want to hear about it - it’s no concern of mine!
#”What’s happening?” “That’s none of/not any of your concern.”
#In turn, international tourism became the concern of a number of world governments..

2)*to be important to someone or to involve someone directly:
#What I have to say to Amy doesn’t concern you.

*to cause worry to someone:
#The state of my father’s health concerns us greatly.

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19
Q

Segment (n.)

A

parça, bölüm
#One of the largest segments of the service industry is travel and tourism.

20
Q

Virtually (adv.)

A

*almost:
#Their twins are virtually identical.

=almost=nearly=practically

*using computer technology over the internet, and not involving people physically going somewhere:
#Nowadays all these things can be experienced virtually.

*virtual = sanal

21
Q

measure (n.)

A

*a way of achieving something, or a method for dealing with a situation: Önlem, tedbir
#What further measures can we take to avoid terrorism?
#These measures were designed to improve car safety.
#economic measure including value-added capital investment, employment and tax contributions.

== precaution = prevention

*a unit used for stating the size, weight, etc. of something, or a way of measuring: Ölçü
#weights and measures
#The sample’s density is a measure of its purity.

== ölçmek

22
Q

1) Estimate (v.)

2) Estimate (n.)

A

1)*to guess or calculate the cost, size, value, etc. of something: tahmin etmek
#They estimate (that) the journey will take at least two weeks.
#It was difficult to estimate how many trees had been destroyed.
#In 1992, the industry’s gross output was estimated to be $3.5 trillion, over 12 per cent of all consumer spending.

2) tahmin
#We’ll accept the lowest of three estimates for the building work.
#a conservative (= low) estimate
#a rough (= not exact) estimate

23
Q

in excess of

A

more than: -den fazla, aşan
#Last year he earned in excess of $3 million.
#capital investment in excess of $422 billion in direct, indirect and personal taxes

(Excess = aşırılık, fazlalık)
#Excess of liberty, whether it lies in state or individuals, seems only to pass into excess of slavery.

24
Q

Gross National Product

A

Gayrisafi Milli Hasıla
#producing over 6 per cent of the world’s gross national product.

**Gross = Brüt, toptan

25
Leading (adj.)
*very important or most important: ÖNDE GELEN, YOL GÖSTEREN ==pioneer=trailblazer #a leading expert on the country's ecology #the world's leading manufacturer of audio equipment #This industry is the world’s leading industrial contributor,
26
Educative (adj.)
*providing education: EĞİTİCİ #Very few activities at this age have no educative value at all.
27
Profound (adj.)
*derin, = thorough, deep *engin, bilge #Thus, tourism has a profound impact both on the world economy and, because of the educative effect of travel and the effects on employment, on society itself. #His mother's death when he was aged six had a very profound effect on him. #profound truths/wisdom #Dreams are often most profound when they seem the most crazy.
28
1) Obscure (adj.) 2) Obscure (v.)
1) *not known to many people: GİZLİ, KARANLIK #an obscure island in the Pacific #an obscure 12th-century mystic == hidden = mysterious = secretive *not clear and difficult to understand or see: BELİRSİZ #His answers were obscure and confusing. == complicated = confusing = unknown 2) GİZLEMEK #The sun was obscured by clouds. #Managers deliberately obscured the real situation from federal investigators. #However, the major problems of the travel and tourism industry that have hidden, or obscured == conceal = hide
29
Hide. (v.) Hidden (adj.)
saklamak, gizlemek gizli, saklı, belirsiz = confidential = secret
30
Diversity(n.)
çeşitlilik = variety #Does television adequately reflect the ethnic and cultural diversity of the country? #There is a wide diversity of opinion on the question of unilateral disarmament.
31
Fragmentation (n.)
*the action or process of breaking something into small parts or of being broken up in this way: parçalama, parçalanma #It was partly the fragmentation of the opposition which helped to get the Republicans re-elected. #Listening moves us closer, it helps us become more whole, more healthy, more holy. Not listening creates fragmentation, and fragmentation is the root of all suffering. **fragment = fragman, kısım, bölüm
32
Amusement (n.)
eğlenme, eğlence #She looked at him with amusement. #I looked on in amusement as they started to argue. #I play the piano just for my own amusement #There was a range of fairground amusements, including rides, stalls, and competitions. **amuse = eğlendirmek = entertain **amusing = eğlenceli = entertaining = funny = enjoyable
33
Tourist attractions (n.)
turist cazibe yerleri, turistik yerler.
34
Overlook (v.)
*to provide a view of, especially from above: bakmak, görmek (yukardan) #Our hotel room overlooked the harbour. *to fail to notice or consider something or someone: gözden kaçırmak. #I think there is one key fact that you have overlooked. #No one will be overlooked when we select players for the team. #Since many of these businesses also serve local residents, the impact of spending by visitors can easily be overlooked or underestimated. *to forgive or pretend not to notice something: gözardı etmek #I'm prepared to overlook his behaviour this time.
35
Underestimate (v.)
küçümsemek, hafife almak #Don't underestimate the difficulties of getting both parties to the conference table. #Never underestimate your opponent!
36
Point out (v.)
*to make a person notice someone or something, sometimes by holding up one of your fingers towards him, her, or it: İŞARET ETMEK #If you see her, please point her out to me. #The tour guide pointed out the inscription that runs round the inside of the dome. *to tell someone about some information, often because you believe they do not know it or have forgotten it: BELİRTMEK, DİKKAT ÇEKMEK. #I feel I should point out how dangerous it is.
37
Remain (v.)
*to stay in the same place or in the same condition: KALMAK (pozisyon veya derecede) #The doctor ordered him to remain in bed for a few days. #He remained silent. #It remains a secret. #The bank will remain open while renovations are carried out. *to continue to exist when other parts or other things no longer exist: GERİYE KALMAK. #After the flood, nothing remained of the village. #Only a few hundred of these animals remain today.
38
Amorphous (adj.)
ŞEKİLSİZ, BİÇİMSİZ #The amorphous substance that results from the breakdown of sugar is known as caramel. #How can historians deal with such amorphous human qualities as fear and grief? #It wasn't clear what they expected from me other than the amorphous "change". #In addition, Meis (1992) points out that the tourism industry involves concepts that have remained amorphous to both analysts and decision makers.
39
Reliable (adj.)
*Someone or something that is reliable can be trusted or believed because he, she, or it works or behaves well in the way you expect: GÜVENİLİR #Is your watch reliable? #reliable information #Gideon is very reliable - if he says he'll do something, he'll do it.
40
Credible (adj.)
*able to be believed or trusted: İNANDIRICI, İNANILIR #They haven't produced any credible evidence for convicting him. #The story of what had happened to her was barely (= almost not) credible.
41
Commodity (n.)
*a substance or product that can be traded, bought, or sold: EMTİA, MAL,ALINIP SATILAN ŞEY #The country's most valuable commodities include tin and diamonds. #the international commodities market #In fact, McIntosh and Goeldner (1990) suggest that tourism has become the largest commodity in international trade for many nations and, for a significant number of other countries, it ranks second or third. *a valuable quality: META #If you're going into teaching, energy is a necessary commodity.
42
1) Rank (n.) 2) Rank (v.)
1) *a position in an organization, such as the army, showing the importance of the person having it: RÜTBE #senior/high/junior/low rank #He has just been promoted to the rank of captain. *a particular position, higher or lower than others: SIRA, KADEME #He's in the front/first rank of (= one of the best) international tennis players. *a row, especially of people or things standing side by side: SIRA, DİZİ #We could see nothing for miles but serried ranks (= many close rows) of fir trees. 2)*to have a position higher or lower than others, or to be considered to have such a position: SIRALANMAK, SIRALAMAK, SIRADA YER ALMAK #A captain ranks (= has a position) above a lieutenant. #My entry was ranked third in the flower show. #She ranked the bottles in order of size along the shelf.
43
Quote from (v.)
alıntı yapmak #In addition, Hawkins and Ritchie, quoting from data published by the American Express Company, suggest that the travel and tourism industry is the number one ranked employer
44
Precise (adj.)
*exact and accurate: KESİN, TAM OLARAK = EXACT = ACCURATE #The bunker's precise location is a closely guarded secret. #He caught me at the precise moment that I fainted. #There was a good turnout for the meeting - twelve of us to be precise. #precise data. *very careful and accurate, especially about small details: HASSAS #Years of doing meticulous research had made her very precise in her working methods. (**preciseness = KESİNLİK = certainty =definiteness )
45
Certainty (n.)
*something that cannot be doubted: KESİNLİK, BELİRLİLİK #There are few absolute certainties in life. #I'm unable to answer that question with any certainty. *something that is very likely to happen: KESİN #Joan will win - that's a certainty. #Joan is a certainty to win.
46
In many cases
çoğu durumda #In many cases, similar difficulties arise when attempts are made to measure domestic tourism.
47
be reflected in (something) (v.)
(bir şeye) yansımak, (bir şeyde) ortaya çıkmak #The problems associated with measuring international tourism are often reflected in the measurement of domestic tourism. #be reflected in the mirror #be reflected in the press #be reflected in prices. **reflect = yansıtmak, ifade etmek **reflection = yansıma