List 5 - Research Using Twins

Question 1

Untangle (v.)

Answer 1

*to make a complicated subject or problem, or its different parts, clear and able to be understood: ÇÖZMEK
#It took years to untangle the legal complexities of the case.
#To biomedical researchers all over the world, twins offer a precious opportunity to untangle the influence of genes and the environment - of nature and nurture.

== clear up = disentangle = solve

Question 2

Nurture (n.)

Answer 2

*the way in which children are treated as they are growing, especially as compared with the characteristics they are born with: YETİŞTİRME, YETİŞME, BAKIM
#Which do you believe has the strongest influence on how children develop - nature or nurture?

Question 3

Fertilize (v.)

Answer 3

*to cause an egg or seed to start to develop into a new young animal or plant by joining it with a male cell: DÖLLEMEK, GÜBRELEMEK
#Bees fertilize the flowers by bringing pollen.
#Once an egg is fertilized by the sperm, it becomes an embryo.
#Because identical twins come from a single fertilized egg that splits into two, they share virtually the same genetic code.

(fertilized = döllenmiş, gübreli)

Question 4

Identical Twin X Fraternal Twin

Answer 4

same eggs X two separate eggs
#As fraternal twins they’re close, but different.
#My sister and I are identical twins.

Question 5

quantify (v.)

Answer 5

*to measure or judge the size or amount of something: ÖLÇMEK
#It’s difficult to quantify how many people will be affected by the change.
#Researchers can quantify the extent to which our genes affect our lives

==measure=evaluate

(quantification = ölçme, miktar belirleme)

Question 6

with respect to (adv.)

Answer 6

hususunda, ile ilgili olarak, konusunda
#If identical twins are more similar to each other with respect to an ailment than fraternal twins are.
#I am writing with respect to your letter of 15 June.

==as regards =as to=in regard to

Question 7

ailment(v.)

Answer 7

*an illness:
#Treat minor ailments yourself.

(illness-disease-complaint-ache-disorder)

Question 8

vulnerability (n.)

Answer 8

*the quality of being vulnerable (= able to be easily hurt, influenced, or attacked), or something that is vulnerable: HASSASİYET, SAVUNMASIZLIK, KIRILGANLIK
#You want a doctor who understands the patient’s vulnerability.
#Those who organized the attacks exploited vulnerabilities in the nation’s defences.
#vulnerability to the disease must be rooted at least in part in heredity.

(VULNERABLE = SAVUNMASIZ, HASSAS)

Question 9

be rooted in (v.)

Answer 9

-den kaynaklanmak, kaynağını —den almak
#vulnerability to the disease must be rooted at least in part in heredity.

Question 10

at least (adv.)

Answer 10

en azından, hiç değilse

Question 11

heredity (n.)

Answer 11

*the process by which characteristics are given from a parent to their child through the genes: KALITIM
#Diet and exercise can influence a person’s weight, but heredity is also a factor.

==genetics=inheritance=inborn character

Question 12

pinpoint (v.)

Answer 12

*to find out or say the exact position in space or time of something: BELİRLEMEK
#It is not possible to pinpoint precisely the time of death.

*to discover or describe the exact facts about something: BELİRLEMEK, TESPİT ETMEK
#Emergency workers at the site are still unable to pinpoint the cause of the explosion.
#studying the differences between identical twins to pinpoint the influence of environment, and comparing identical twins with fraternal ones to measure the role of inheritance.

== define = locate = diagnose = identify = recognise = distinguish

Question 13

interplay (n.)

Answer 13

*the effect that two or more things have on each other: ETKİLEŞİM, KARŞILIKLI ETKİLEŞİM
#Our personalities result from the complex interplay between our genes and our environment.
#understanding the interplay of nature and nurture in determining our personalities, behavior, and vulnerability to disease.

== interaction

**playact = rol oynamak

Question 14

date back to (v.)

Answer 14

geçmişe dayanmak.
#This tradition dates back to medieval times.
#The idea of using twins to measure the influence of heredity dates back to 1875.

Question 15

coin (v.)

Answer 15

*to invent a new word or expression, or to use one in a particular way for the first time: (SÖZ) TÜRETMEK
#Allen Ginsberg coined the term “flower power”.
#Francis Galton first suggested the approach (and coined the phrase ‘nature and nurture)

*to be earning a lot of money quickly: PARA BASMAK
#Farmers were coining it at that time, thanks to high wheat prices.

Question 16

1) twist (v.)

2) twist (n.)

Answer 16

1) *KIVRILMAK:
#The path twists and turns for over a mile.
*DÖNDÜRMEK:
#She sat there nervously twisting the ring around on her finger.
*ÇEVİRMEK:
#She twisted her head (round) so she could see what was happening.
SARMAK:
#Twist the rope tightly round that post over there.

*BURKMAK
#She slipped on the ice and twisted her knee

*ÇARPITMAK
#You’re twisting my words - that’s not what I said at all.

2)*ÇEVİRME, BÜKÜLME
#She gave the cap another twist to make sure it was tight.
an Elvis-style twist of the hips

*a tight bend: VİRAJ
#a path with many twists and turns

*TAKE A SUPRİSE TWİST = SÜRPRİZ ŞEKİLDE DEĞİŞME
#The story took a surprise twist today with media reports that the doctor had resigned.
#twin studies took a surprising twist in the 1980s

*DÖNÜM NOKTASI:
#The incident was the latest twist in the continuing saga of fraud and high scandal in banks and stock brokerages.

*CİLVE:
#But for a cruel twist of fate/fortune, he could now be running his own business.

*DÖNÜŞ:
#There’s an unexpected twist in/to the plot towards the end of the film.

Question 17

reunite (v.)

Answer 17

*to bring people together again:
#to reunite a divided family/country/world
#Sarah was finally reunited with her children at the airport.
#with the arrival of studies into identical twins who had been separated at birth and reunited as adults.

**reunion = social gathering / yeniden bir araya gelme

Question 18

1) Rear (v.)

2) Rear(n.)

Answer 18

1)*to care for young animals or children until they are able to care for themselves:YETİŞTİRMEK, BÜYÜTMEK
#Some women make a deliberate choice to rear a child alone.
#He describes how these birds rear their young.

Reared Apart = Ayrı Yetiştirilen

2)*ARKA:
#There’s a sticker on the rear door/window.
#The horse had injured one of its rear legs.

Question 19

numerous (adj.)

Answer 19

*many: PEK ÇOK, SAYISIZ
#We have discussed these plans on numerous occasions.
#Numerous tests were carried out on the twins.

Question 20

carry out (v.)

Answer 20

*to do or complete something, especially that you have said you would do or that you have been told to do: YERİNE GETİRMEK, UYGULAMAK, YÜRÜTMEK, GERÇEKLEŞTİRMEK
#Dr Carter is carrying out research on early Christian art.
#The hospital is carrying out tests to find out what’s wrong with her.
#Our soldiers carried out a successful attack last night.
#Don’t blame me, I’m only carrying out my orders/instructions.

Question 21

a mountain of something (n.)

Answer 21

*a large amount of something: YIĞIN, DAĞ GİBİ
#I’ve got a mountain of work to do.
#Bouchard and his colleagues used this mountain of data to identify how far twins were affected by their genetic makeup

Question 22

identify (v.)

Answer 22

TANIMAK:
#Even the smallest baby can identify its mother by her voice.

BELİRLEMEK:
#The gunman in Wednesday’s attack has been identified as Lee Giggs, an unemployed truck driver.
#You need to identify your priorities.

TANIMLAMAK:
#Someone who is assigned male at birth may identify as female.

TANITMAK:
#The police officer identified himself (= gave his name or proved who he was) and asked for our help.

Question 23

makeup (n.)

Answer 23

YAPI
#Organizational ability is not one of the most obvious parts of his makeup.
#twins were affected by their genetic makeup

MAKYAJ

Question 24

heritability (n.)

Answer 24

KALITSALLIK, MİRASÇI OLMA
#The key to their approach was a statistical concept called heritability

(KALITSAL = heritable = hereditary = heriditable = inheritable = inherit )

Question 25

in broad terms (adv.)

Answer 25

GENİŞ MANADA

*broad = geniş, engin = extensive = wide = vast

Question 26

trait (n.)

Answer 26

a particular characteristic that can produce a particular type of behaviour: ÖZELLİK, NİTELİK
==characteristic=feature

#His sense of humour is one of his better traits.
#Arrogance(kibir) is a very unattractive personality/character trait.

(Treat = davranmak
Threat = threatening = tehdit, korku
Threaten = tehdit etmek, korkutmak)

Question 27

it seemed that (express.)

Answer 27

öyle gibiydi, güya

Question 28

Lately = Recently

Answer 28

son zamanlarda, geçenlerde

Question 29

on its own (adv.)

Answer 29

başlı başına, kendi kendine
#operates on its own to shape who we are.

Question 30

tie (v.)

Answer 30

*to relate to or connect to: BAĞLAMAK, İLİŞKİLENDİRMEK
#Is the allergy tied to dairy products, for example?
#Can you tie his behaviour up with anything that’s happened recently?
#Epigenetic processes are chemical reactions tied to neither nature nor nurture.

== fasten = link = attach = connect = bind

*to finish at the same time or score the same number of points, etc. in a competition as someone or something else: BERABERE KALMAK
#We tied with a team from the south in the championships.

== draw = equal = match = meet

Question 31

express (v.)

Answer 31

*to show a feeling, opinion, or fact: İFADE ETMEK.
#Her eyes expressed deep sadness.
#I would like to express my thanks for your kindness.
#Words can’t express how happy I am.
#These reactions influence how our genetic code is expressed.
#I’m afraid I’m not expressing myself very clearly.

*to send something somewhere very quickly:
#Your order will be expressed to you within 24 hours.

Question 32

immense (adj.)

Answer 32

*extremely large in size or degree: MUAZZAM, SINIRSIZLIK, UÇSUZ BUCAKSIZ, SONSUZ
#immense wealth/value
#They spent an immense amount of time getting the engine into perfect condition.

*extremely good:
#He’s an immense goalkeeper.

**immensely = son derece
#immensely exciting/influential/powerful

Question 33

determine (v.)

Answer 33

*to control or influence something directly, or to decide what will happen: BELİRLEMEK

== ascertain = detect = discover

#Your health is determined in part by what you eat.
#Eye colour is genetically determined.
#People should be allowed to determine their own future.
#It is the responsibility of the court to determine whether these men are innocent.

*to make a strong decision: KARAR VERMEK

== conclude = decide

#She determined that one day she would be an actor.
#On leaving jail, Joe determined to reform.
#The jury determined that the men were guilty.

**determined = kararlı, belirli = decisive = purposeful = persistent = driven

Question 34

strike (v.)

Answer 34

*stop work: GREV YAPMAK
#We’re striking for better pay and improved safety standards.

*to cause a person or place to suffer severely from the effects of something very unpleasant that happens suddenly: VURMAK(suffer anlamında)
#The disease has struck the whole community, sometimes wiping out whole families.
#They predict that a large earthquake will strike the west coast before the end of the decade.

*to hit or attack someone or something forcefully or violently: VURMAK(fiziksel), SALDIRMAK
#Her car went out of control and struck an oncoming vehicle.
#The police have warned the public that the killer could strike again.
#Have you ever been struck by lightning?

*If you strike a match, you cause it to burn by rubbing it against a hard rough surface: ÇAKMAK
#She struck a match and lit another cigarette.
#He bent and struck a match on the sole of his boot.

*BASMAK(tuşlara)
#then epigenetic processes determine when and how each key can be struck, changing the tune being played.

Question 35

tune (n.)

Answer 35

*MELODİ
#That’s a very catchy tune (= easy to remember and pleasant).
#changing the tune being played.

Question 36

revolutionize(v.)

Answer 36

*to completely change something so that it is much better: DEVRİM YARATMAK
#Newton’s discoveries revolutionized physics.
#One way the study of epigenetics is revolutionizing our understanding of biology is by revealing a mechanism by which the environment directly impacts on genes.

**revolution = devrim, ihtilal

Question 37

reveal (v.)

Answer 37

*to make known or show something that is surprising or that was previously secret: ORTAYA ÇIKARMAK, AÇIĞA ÇIKARMAK, AFİŞE ETMEK
#He was jailed for revealing secrets to the Russians.
#Her biography revealed that she was not as rich as everyone thought.
#One way the study of epigenetics is revolutionizing our understanding of biology is by revealing a mechanism by which the environment directly impacts on genes.

==Show=uncover=display=disclose=expose

**emerge = ortaya çıkmak

Question 38

rodent (n.)

Answer 38

*any of various small mammals with large, sharp front teeth, such as mice and rats : KEMİRGEN
#when a rat experiences stress during pregnancy, it can cause epigenetic changes in a fetus that lead to behavioral problems as the rodent grows up.

RAT = SIÇAN / MİCE = FARE

Question 39

hardwired (adj.)

Answer 39

*If someone or something is hardwired to do a particular thing, they automatically do it and cannot change that behaviour: BAĞLANTILI, BÜTÜNLEŞİK
#Humans are hardwired to love fattening foods.
#It’s very clear when you look at twins that much of what they share is hardwired.

Question 40

unalterable (adj.)

Answer 40

*not able to be changed: DEĞİŞMEZ, DĞİŞTİRİLEMEZ.
#He considered evil to be an unalterable fact of the world.
#Data stored in this system is unalterable and read-only.
#’Many things about them are absolutely the same and unalterable.

== not changeable = inalterable

(ALTER = DEĞİŞTİRMEK.)

Question 41

credit (v.)

Answer 41

*to believe something that seems unlikely to be true:
#He even tried to pretend he was my son - can you credit it?
#It was hard to credit some of the stories we heard about her.
#Reed credits Thomas Bouchard’s work for today’s surge in twin studies.

*to pay money into a bank account:
#They credited my account with $20 after I pointed out the mistake.

Question 42

1) surge (n.)

2) surge (v.)

Answer 42

1)*a sudden and great increase: ARTIŞ
#There has been a surge in house prices recently.
#Reed credits Thomas Bouchard’s work for today’s surge in twin studies

*a sudden increase of an emotion: DUYGU DALGASI
#She was overwhelmed by a surge of remorse.

*a sudden and great movement forward:
#A tidal surge (gelgit dalgası) caused severe flooding in coastal areas.

2)*to increase suddenly and strongly:
#The company’s profits have surged.

*to move quickly and powerfully: hızlandı gibi.
#A few metres before the end of the race, Jenkins surged into the lead.

*(of an emotion) to develop strongly and quickly: kabaran gibi.
#She felt a wave of resentment surging (up) inside her.

Question 43

trailblazer (n.)

Answer 43

*the first person to do something or go somewhere, who shows that it is also possible for other people: ÖNCÜ
#Orville and Wilbur Wright were aviation trailblazers.
#He was the trailblazer.

== PİONEER (Öncü, İlk yerleşenler, Öncülük etmek.
#a pioneer heart surgeon)

Question 44

cause (v.)

Answer 44

*to make something happen, especially something bad: NEDEN OLMAK, SEBEBİYET VERMEK
#The difficult driving conditions caused several accidents.
#The bright light caused her to blink.
#Most heart attacks are caused by blood clots.
#I hope the children haven’t caused you too much trouble.
##We forget that 50 years ago things like heart disease were thought to be caused entirely by lifestyle.

***caused by = kaynaklanan (bir nedenden vs.)
#what’s caused by experience

Question 45

reflective (adj.)

Answer 45

*A reflective surface sends back most of the light that shines on it and can therefore be seen easily: YANSITICI

*thinking carefully and quietly: DÜŞÜNCELİ
==thoughtful
#After hearing the news they sat in a quiet, reflective silence.
#Twin studies have allowed us to be more reflective about what people are actually born with and what’s caused by experience.

**reflect=aksettirmek, yansıtmak, düşünmek

Question 46

having said that (adv.)

Answer 46

*despite what has just been said: BUNUNLA BİRLİKTE, BUNU SÖYLEDİKTEN SONRA, UNUTMAMAMIZ GEREKİR Kİ
#He forgets most things, but having said that, he always remembers my birthday.
#Having said that, Reed adds, the latest work in epigenetics promises to take our understanding even further.

Question 47

distinguish (v.)

Answer 47

*to notice or understand the difference between two things, or to make one person or thing seem different from another: AYIRT ETMEK, AYRIM YAPMAK, AYIRMAK.
#He’s colour-blind and can’t distinguish (the difference) between red and green easily.
#I sometimes have difficulty distinguishing Spanish from Portuguese.
#It’s important to distinguish between business and pleasure.
#It’s not the beauty so much as the range of his voice that distinguishes him from other tenors.

Distinguished== tanınmış, seçkin = famous=outstanding=notable =remarkable=renowned=reputable =well-known
The distinguished medical historian

Question 48

uncover (v.)

Answer 48

*to discover something secret or hidden or remove something covering something else: ORTAYA ÇIKARMAK.
#The biography is an attempt to uncover the inner man.
#Digging in her garden, she uncovered a hoard of gold dating back to the ninth century.

==reveal=disclose=expose