List 5 - Research Using Twins Flashcards
Untangle (v.)
*to make a complicated subject or problem, or its different parts, clear and able to be understood: ÇÖZMEK
#It took years to untangle the legal complexities of the case.
#To biomedical researchers all over the world, twins offer a precious opportunity to untangle the influence of genes and the environment - of nature and nurture.
== clear up = disentangle = solve
Nurture (n.)
*the way in which children are treated as they are growing, especially as compared with the characteristics they are born with: YETİŞTİRME, YETİŞME, BAKIM
#Which do you believe has the strongest influence on how children develop - nature or nurture?
Fertilize (v.)
*to cause an egg or seed to start to develop into a new young animal or plant by joining it with a male cell: DÖLLEMEK, GÜBRELEMEK
#Bees fertilize the flowers by bringing pollen.
#Once an egg is fertilized by the sperm, it becomes an embryo.
#Because identical twins come from a single fertilized egg that splits into two, they share virtually the same genetic code.
(fertilized = döllenmiş, gübreli)
Identical Twin X Fraternal Twin
same eggs X two separate eggs
#As fraternal twins they’re close, but different.
#My sister and I are identical twins.
quantify (v.)
*to measure or judge the size or amount of something: ÖLÇMEK
#It’s difficult to quantify how many people will be affected by the change.
#Researchers can quantify the extent to which our genes affect our lives
==measure=evaluate
(quantification = ölçme, miktar belirleme)
with respect to (adv.)
hususunda, ile ilgili olarak, konusunda
#If identical twins are more similar to each other with respect to an ailment than fraternal twins are.
#I am writing with respect to your letter of 15 June.
==as regards =as to=in regard to
ailment(v.)
*an illness:
#Treat minor ailments yourself.
(illness-disease-complaint-ache-disorder)
vulnerability (n.)
*the quality of being vulnerable (= able to be easily hurt, influenced, or attacked), or something that is vulnerable: HASSASİYET, SAVUNMASIZLIK, KIRILGANLIK
#You want a doctor who understands the patient’s vulnerability.
#Those who organized the attacks exploited vulnerabilities in the nation’s defences.
#vulnerability to the disease must be rooted at least in part in heredity.
(VULNERABLE = SAVUNMASIZ, HASSAS)
be rooted in (v.)
-den kaynaklanmak, kaynağını —den almak
#vulnerability to the disease must be rooted at least in part in heredity.
at least (adv.)
en azından, hiç değilse
heredity (n.)
*the process by which characteristics are given from a parent to their child through the genes: KALITIM
#Diet and exercise can influence a person’s weight, but heredity is also a factor.
==genetics=inheritance=inborn character
pinpoint (v.)
*to find out or say the exact position in space or time of something: BELİRLEMEK
#It is not possible to pinpoint precisely the time of death.
*to discover or describe the exact facts about something: BELİRLEMEK, TESPİT ETMEK
#Emergency workers at the site are still unable to pinpoint the cause of the explosion.
#studying the differences between identical twins to pinpoint the influence of environment, and comparing identical twins with fraternal ones to measure the role of inheritance.
== define = locate = diagnose = identify = recognise = distinguish
interplay (n.)
*the effect that two or more things have on each other: ETKİLEŞİM, KARŞILIKLI ETKİLEŞİM
#Our personalities result from the complex interplay between our genes and our environment.
#understanding the interplay of nature and nurture in determining our personalities, behavior, and vulnerability to disease.
== interaction
**playact = rol oynamak
date back to (v.)
geçmişe dayanmak.
#This tradition dates back to medieval times.
#The idea of using twins to measure the influence of heredity dates back to 1875.
coin (v.)
*to invent a new word or expression, or to use one in a particular way for the first time: (SÖZ) TÜRETMEK
#Allen Ginsberg coined the term “flower power”.
#Francis Galton first suggested the approach (and coined the phrase ‘nature and nurture)
*to be earning a lot of money quickly: PARA BASMAK
#Farmers were coining it at that time, thanks to high wheat prices.
1) twist (v.)
2) twist (n.)
1) *KIVRILMAK:
#The path twists and turns for over a mile.
*DÖNDÜRMEK:
#She sat there nervously twisting the ring around on her finger.
*ÇEVİRMEK:
#She twisted her head (round) so she could see what was happening.
SARMAK:
#Twist the rope tightly round that post over there.
*BURKMAK
#She slipped on the ice and twisted her knee
*ÇARPITMAK
#You’re twisting my words - that’s not what I said at all.
2)*ÇEVİRME, BÜKÜLME
#She gave the cap another twist to make sure it was tight.
an Elvis-style twist of the hips
*a tight bend: VİRAJ
#a path with many twists and turns
*TAKE A SUPRİSE TWİST = SÜRPRİZ ŞEKİLDE DEĞİŞME
#The story took a surprise twist today with media reports that the doctor had resigned.
#twin studies took a surprising twist in the 1980s
*DÖNÜM NOKTASI:
#The incident was the latest twist in the continuing saga of fraud and high scandal in banks and stock brokerages.
*CİLVE:
#But for a cruel twist of fate/fortune, he could now be running his own business.
*DÖNÜŞ:
#There’s an unexpected twist in/to the plot towards the end of the film.
reunite (v.)
*to bring people together again:
#to reunite a divided family/country/world
#Sarah was finally reunited with her children at the airport.
#with the arrival of studies into identical twins who had been separated at birth and reunited as adults.
**reunion = social gathering / yeniden bir araya gelme
1) Rear (v.)
2) Rear(n.)
1)*to care for young animals or children until they are able to care for themselves:YETİŞTİRMEK, BÜYÜTMEK
#Some women make a deliberate choice to rear a child alone.
#He describes how these birds rear their young.
Reared Apart = Ayrı Yetiştirilen
2)*ARKA:
#There’s a sticker on the rear door/window.
#The horse had injured one of its rear legs.
numerous (adj.)
*many: PEK ÇOK, SAYISIZ
#We have discussed these plans on numerous occasions.
#Numerous tests were carried out on the twins.
carry out (v.)
*to do or complete something, especially that you have said you would do or that you have been told to do: YERİNE GETİRMEK, UYGULAMAK, YÜRÜTMEK, GERÇEKLEŞTİRMEK
#Dr Carter is carrying out research on early Christian art.
#The hospital is carrying out tests to find out what’s wrong with her.
#Our soldiers carried out a successful attack last night.
#Don’t blame me, I’m only carrying out my orders/instructions.
a mountain of something (n.)
*a large amount of something: YIĞIN, DAĞ GİBİ
#I’ve got a mountain of work to do.
#Bouchard and his colleagues used this mountain of data to identify how far twins were affected by their genetic makeup
identify (v.)
TANIMAK:
#Even the smallest baby can identify its mother by her voice.
BELİRLEMEK:
#The gunman in Wednesday’s attack has been identified as Lee Giggs, an unemployed truck driver.
#You need to identify your priorities.
TANIMLAMAK:
#Someone who is assigned male at birth may identify as female.
TANITMAK:
#The police officer identified himself (= gave his name or proved who he was) and asked for our help.
makeup (n.)
YAPI
#Organizational ability is not one of the most obvious parts of his makeup.
#twins were affected by their genetic makeup
MAKYAJ
heritability (n.)
KALITSALLIK, MİRASÇI OLMA
#The key to their approach was a statistical concept called heritability
(KALITSAL = heritable = hereditary = heriditable = inheritable = inherit )
