List 3 - Crop-Growing Skyscrapers

Question 1

1) conservation (n.)

2) conservative (adj.)

Answer 1

1) *KORUMA, KORUNMA, HİMAYE
#wildlife conservation #a conservation area

• DOĞAL KAYNAKLARI KORUMA,
  #the conservation of coal/gas/oil reserves
  #Energy conservation reduces your fuel bills and helps the environment.

2) MUHAFAZAKAR, TUTUCU
#a conservative society/outlook
#Although it is not true that all conservatives are stupid people, it is true that most stupid people are conservative.

**conserve = korumak = protect = preserve = take care of
#This old building should be conserved.

Question 2

ensure (v.)

Answer 2

*to make something certain to happen: SAĞLAMA ALMAK, EMİN OLMAK
#The airline is taking steps to ensure safety on its aircraft.
#The role of the police is to ensure (that) the law is obeyed.
#What can be done to ensure enough food for the world’s population to live on?
#Good wishes alone will not ensure peace.
#ensure peace, ensure success, ensure safe

==assure=insure=provide=secure

Question 3

indoor (n.)

Answer 3

kapalı mekan, içeri, ev içinde olan
#indoor sports/activities
#The concept of indoor farming is. not new.

Question 4

hothouse (n.)

Answer 4

a heated glass building in which plants are grown: SERA
#hothouse tomatoes
#since hothouse production of tomatoes and other produce has been in vogue for some time.

Question 5

1) Produce (v.)

2) Produce (n.)

Answer 5

1) *to make something or bring something into existence: ÜRETMEK, İMAL ETMEK
#France produces a great deal of wine for export.

*to cause a reaction or result: NEDEN OLMAK, DOĞURMAK
#The senator’s speech produced an angry response from the opposition.

*to bring something out from somewhere and show it: ÇIKARMAK, ÇIKARIP GÖSTERMEK
#One of the men suddenly produced a knife from his pocket.

*to result in or discover something, especially proof: ORTAYA KOYMAK
#A lengthy police investigation failed to produce any evidence on which the suspect could be convicted.

2) *food or any other substance or material that is grown or obtained through farming: ÜRÜN, MAHSUL, SEBZE MEYVE
#agricultural/dairy/fresh produce

**product = ürün
**production = üretim

Question 6

Scale up (v.)

Answer 6

*to increase the size, amount, or importance of something, usually an organization or process: BÜYÜTMEK, YÜKSELTMEK, ARTMAK
#My company is scaling up its operations in Western Asia.
#What is new is the urgent need to scale up this technology to accommodate another three billion people?

Question 7

cutting-edge technology (n.)

Answer 7

GELİŞMİŞ/SON/İLERİ/ÜSTÜN TEKNOLOJİ
#Many believe an entirely new approach to indoor farming is required, employing cutting-edge technologies.

=advanced technology =leading edge technology = state-of-the-art technology

**cutting-edge = en ileri, modern
#His research is at the cutting edge of new therapies for cancer.
#cutting-edge design

Question 8

1) Employ (v.)

2) Employment (n.)

Answer 8

1) *to have someone work or do a job for you and pay them for it: ÇALIŞTIRMAK, İSTİHDAM ETMEK
#How many people does your company employ?

*to use something: KULLANMAK
#Sophisticated statistical analysis was employed to obtain these results.

*to spend time doing something: MEŞGUL ETMEK/OLMAK
#He was busily employed in lacing up his shoes.

2) İSTİHDAM, İŞE ALMA, GÖREVLENDİRME = EMPLOY(n.)

Question 9

Proposal (n.)

Answer 9

ÖNERİ, TEKLİF
#Have you read Steve’s proposals for the new project?
#One such proposal is for the ‘Vertical Farm’.

Question 10

Proponent (n.)

Answer 10

*a person who speaks publicly in support of a particular idea or plan of action: TARAFTAR, ÖNEREN KİMSE, SAVUNUCU
#He is one of the leading proponents of capital punishment.
#”I’m not a big proponent of happiness. I think it’s highly overrated. I think misery is underrated. There’s so much value in that. You can’t have one without the other.” Brad Pitt
#proponent of peace X opponent of peace

=supporter=recommender=follower=advocate=defender

Question 11

1) implement (v.)

2) implement (n.)

Answer 11

1)* to start using a plan or system: UYGULAMAK, YÜRÜRLÜĞE KOYMAK, YERİNE GETİRMEK
#The changes to the national health system will be implemented next year.

=carry out=enforce=fulfill

2)*a tool that works by being moved by hand or by being pulled across a surface: ALET EDEVAT, ARAÇ
#garden/household/agricultural implements

Question 12

reduce (v.)

Answer 12

AZALTMAK, DÜŞÜRMEK, FİYAT KIRMAK
#I reduced the problem to a few simple questions.
#Do nuclear weapons really reduce the risk of war?

==decrease

Question 13

vertical x horizontal

Answer 13

DİK, DİKEY X YATAY

**Horizon = ufuk

Question 14

1) claim (v.)

2) claim (n.)

Answer 14

1) *to say that something is true or is a fact, although you cannot prove it and other people might not believe it: İDDİA ETMEK
#He claims to have met the president, but I don’t believe him.

==allege
*to ask for something of value because you think it belongs to you or because you think you have a right to it: TALEP ETMEK, HAK TALEBİNDE BULUNMAK
#When King Richard III died, Henry VII claimed the English throne.
#She sued her employer for emotional stress, claiming damages of more than £20,000.
#Love does not claim possession, but gives freedom.

2)*a statement that something is true or is a fact, although other people might not believe it: İDDİA
#Can you give any evidence to support your claim?

*a written request asking an organization to pay you an amount of money that you believe they owe you: TALEP
#After her house was burgled, she made a claim on her insurance.

*a right to have something or get something from someone: HAK
#My ex-wife has no claims on me (= has no right to any of my money).

***DAVA AÇMAK.

***CLAİM LİVES = CAN ALMAK

Question 15

1) offer (v.)

2) offer (n.)

Answer 15

1) *to ask someone if they would like to have something or if they would like you to do something: TEKLİF ETMEK
#I feel bad that I didn’t offer them any food/offer any food to them.
#She was offered a job in Paris.

==propose=suggest

*to provide or supply something: SUNMAK, BİLDİRMEK
#It’s an organization that offers free legal advice to people on low incomes.
#Did he offer any explanation for his strange behaviour?
#It is better to offer no excuse than a bad one.

2) *the act of asking if someone would like to have something or if they would like you to do something: TEKLİF, ÖNERİ
“If you like I can help out.” “That’s a very kind offer.”
I must say the offer of two weeks in Hawaii is very tempting.

*make an offer = TEKLİFTE BULUNMAK
#I’ve made an offer on a house in Pine Banks.

*on offer = available to be bought or used: SATIŞA SUNULMA
#We were amazed at the range of products on offer.

Question 16

Take for granted (v.)

Answer 16

*to never think about something because you believe it will always be available or stay exactly the same: DOĞAL KARŞILAMAK, KANIKSAMAK, KIYMETİNİ BİLMEMEK

#It’s easy to take your parents for granted.
#It took humans 10,000 years to
learn how to grow most of the crops we now take for granted.
#Even the most intense feelings cease when neglected and taken for granted.

Question 17

Despoil (v.)

Answer 17

*to make a place less attractive especially by taking things away from it by force: YAĞMALAMAK, SOYMAK
#Many of the tombs had been despoiled.
#Along the way, we despoiled most of the land we worked, often turning verdant, natural ecozones into semi-arid deserts.
#It is the habit of our species to despoil all we touch. Yet few see it so.

==destroy=devastate=spoil

Question 18

Turn sth into sth

Answer 18

*to change and become someone or something different, or to make someone or something do this: BİR ŞEYİ BİR ŞEYE DÖNÜŞTÜRMEK, DÖNÜŞMEK.
#The council was hoping to turn a children’s home into a residence for adolescent girls.
#The town turned from a small seaside resort into a major commercial centre when oil was discovered.
#often turning verdant, natural ecozones into semi-arid deserts.
#The whole purpose of education is to turn mirrors into windows.

Question 19

Verdant (adj.)

Answer 19

*covered with healthy green plants or grass: YEŞİLLİKLİ, YEŞİL
#Much of the region’s verdant countryside has been destroyed in the hurricane.
#verdant, natural ecozones.

==green=

Question 20

Arid (adj.)

Answer 20

*very dry and without enough rain for plants:
#The desert is so arid that nothing can grow there.
#arid climates
#arid plain

*unsuccessful:
#After several arid years, the company has started to become successful.
#I saw clearly the arid results of ordinary instruction

*not interesting and showing no imagination:
#I found his writing extremely arid.

=dry=uninterested=spiritless

Question 21

Within that same time frame (prep.)

Answer 21

Aynı zaman çerçevesinde
#Within that same time frame, we evolved into an urban species, in which 60% of the human population now lives vertically in cities.

FRAME = Çerçeve, İskelet

Question 22

Evolve (v.)

Answer 22

*to develop gradually, or to cause something or someone to develop gradually: EVRİM GEÇİRMEK, GELİŞMEK,EVRİLMEK.

#Did humans evolve from apes?
#The company has evolved over the years into a multi-million dollar organization.
#Bacteria are evolving resistance to antibiotics.

Question 23

Have shelter from (v.)

Answer 23

• dan korunmak
  #we humans have shelter from the elements,

Question 24

1) Bear (v.)
2) Bear (n.)

Answer 24

1) *to accept, tolerate, or endure something, especially something unpleasant: DAYANMAK, KATLANMAK, ÜSTLENMEK.
#Tell me now! I can’t bear the suspense!
#It’s your decision - you have to bear the responsibility if things go wrong.

*to have or continue to have something: TAŞIMAK, TUTMAK
#Their baby bears a strong resemblance to its grandfather.
#The stone plaque bearing his name was smashed to pieces.
#I don’t bear them any ill feeling (= I do not continue to be angry with or dislike them).
#Thank you for your advice - I’ll bear it in mind.

*to give birth to young, or (of a tree or plant) to give or produce fruit or flowers: DÜNYAYA GETİRMEK, DOĞURMAK.
#She had borne six children by the time she was 30.

2) AYI, MAGANDA.

Question 25

Rigorous (adj.)

Answer 25

*ŞİDDETLİ, SERT(hava koşulları)
#We subject our food-bearing plants to the rigorous of the great outdoors and can do no more than hope for a good weather year.
# rigorous weather conditions
==severe

*TİTİZ, ÖZENLİ
#I want a rigorous financial analysis of the options.
#rigorous testing/checking/methods
== careful

Question 26

Subject to (v.)

Answer 26

konu olmak, tabi tutmak, maruz bırakmak

(subject sth to sth = bir şeyi bir şeye maruz bırakmak)
#We subject our food bearing plants to the rigours of the great outdoors

subject(n) = konu, ders, özne, tebaa

Question 27

More often than not (adv.)

Answer 27

usually: ÇOĞU ZAMAN, SIK SIK
#More often than not when I make the effort to visit her, I wonder why I even bothered.
#However, more often than not now, due to a rapidly changing climate, that is not what happens.

(Synonyms == usually=commonly=consistently=requently=generally=mostly=occasionally=regularly=sometimes=often)

Question 28

Severe (adj.)

Answer 28

SERT, ŞİDDETLİ
#severe monsoons
#a severe chest infection/leg injury/toothache
#This will be a severe test of our strength.
#The headteacher spoke in a severe voice.

Question 29

Take its toll (v., idiom)

Answer 29

*If something takes its/a toll, it causes suffering, deaths, or damage: BÜYÜK ZARAR VERMEK, DURUMUNU KÖTÜLEŞTİRMEK.
#The problems of the past few months have taken their toll on her health and there are shadows under her eyes.
#The deepening recession has also taken its toll in the south of the country, where unemployment is rife.
#Massive floods, long droughts, hurricanes and severe monsoons take their toll each year, destroying millions of tons of valuable crops.

==harm=damage=injury=spoil=hurt=have a bad effect=reduce a good effect

Question 30

For instance (adv.)

Answer 30

Örneğin,

Question 31

All year round (adv.)

Answer 31

BÜTÜN BİR YIL, TÜM YIL BOYUNCA

Question 32

Artificially (adv.)

Answer 32

YAPAY OLARAK, SUNİ

Question 33

Crop failure (n.)

Answer 33

MAHSUL KITLIĞI, BEREKETSİZ ÜRÜN

Failure= başarısızlık, hata, eksiklik, bulunmama

Kıtlık = scarcity, failure, famine

Question 34

Pest (n.)

Answer 34

HAŞERE, ZARARLI BÖCEK

Pesticide= böcek ilacı

Question 35

Eliminate (v.)

Answer 35

*to remove or take away someone or something: ORTADAN KALDIRMAK, ÇIKARMAK, ELEMEK.
==get rid of

#A move towards healthy eating could help eliminate heart disease.
#We eliminated the possibility that it could have been an accident.
#The police eliminated him from their enquiries.
#He was eliminated in the third round of the competition.
#A police officer was accused of helping a drug gang eliminate rivals.
#All the food could be grown organically, eliminating the need for herbicides, pesticides and fertilisers.
#The ability to simplify means to eliminate the unnecessary so that the necessary may speak.

Question 36

Fertiliser (n.)

Answer 36

GÜBRE, SUNİ GÜBRE

Question 37

Grid (n.)

Answer 37

ŞEBEKE, IZGARA
#it would return energy to the grid via methane
generation from composting non­ edible parts of plants.

Question 38

Edible (n., adj.)

Answer 38

GIDA, YENİLEBİLİR

Question 39

Compost (n.,
v.)

Answer 39

composting non­ edible parts of plants.

GÜBRE, BİTKİ ARTIKLARINDAN YAPILAN GÜBRE

GÜBRELEMEK

Question 40

Far less likely (exp.)
Far more likely (exp.)

Answer 40

While it is possible that

çok daha az olası
çok daha fazla olası

much of our food will be grown in skyscrapers in future, most experts currently believe it is far more likely that we will simply use the space available on urban rooftops.

Question 41

it’s more than likely (adv.)

Answer 41

BÜYÜK İHTİMALLE

Question 42

As regards (idiom)

Answer 42

At the moment, though, more needs to be done to reduce the detrimental impact it would have on the environment, particularly as regards the use of energy.

*about; relating to: İLE İLGİLİ OLARAK, HUSUSUNDA
There is no problem as regards the financial arrangements.

(Synonyms ==regarding=about=respecting=in regard to =concerning=as to=relating to)

**regard = saygı, saygınlık, hesaba katmak, dikkatle bakmak

Question 43

Tray. (n.)

Answer 43

One variation on vertical farming that has been developed is to grow plants in stacked trays that move on rails.

TEPSİ

Question 44

İncidence (n.)

Answer 44

*the rate at which something happens:
#There’s been an increased incidence of cancer in the area. (ORAN)
#There have been quite a few incidences of bullying(zorbalık) in the school this year. (VAKA)
#The system would greatly reduce the incidence of many infectious diseases that are acquired at the agricultural interface. (GÖRÜLME SIKLIĞI)

Question 45

İnfectious (adj.)

Answer 45

*(of a disease) able to be passed from one person, animal, or plant to another: BULAŞICI
#an infectious disease
#an infectious patient
#After the 21-day isolation period, Ebola survivors are no longer infectious.
#an infectious laugh
#infectious enthusiasm

Question 46

Acquire (v.)

Answer 46

*to get or obtain something:
#I was wearing a newly/recently acquired jacket.
#I seem to have acquired (= have got although I don’t know how) two copies of this book.

*to buy a business or property, or buy shares in a business:
#He acquired the firm in 2008.
#In 1949 the property was acquired by United Steel Companies.

*to gradually learn or gain something such as a language or skill:
#We want to understand more about how children acquire language.
#The students have a chance to apply their newly acquired knowledge.
#to acquire a skill/habit
#To acquire knowledge, one must study; but to acquire wisdom, one must observe.

(BUY, OBTAİN, GET, PURCHASE)

Question 47

Generation (n.)

Answer 47

*all the people of about the same age within a society or within a particular family: KUŞAK
#The younger generation smokes less than their parents did.
#This painting has been in the family for generations.
#A generation ago, home computers were virtually unknown.

*all the living things in a group that are born or start to exist at about the same time, and are related to one that existed at an earlier point in time:
#Generations of fish and other marine life were compromised because of the oil spill.

*first, second, third, etc. generation

*the production of energy in a particular form: ÜRETİM
#electricity generation from wind and wave power

Question 48

1) Cut (something) out (v.)
2) Cut (someone) out (v.)
3) Cut out (v.)

Answer 48

1) *to remove something or form a shape by cutting, usually from paper or cloth: KALDIRMAK, ÇIKARMAK
#She cut out his picture from the magazine.

*to stop eating or drinking something, usually to improve your health: KESMEK
#Since my heart attack, I’ve cut fatty foods out altogether.

2) *to not allow someone to share something or be included in something: ÇIKARMAK
#They cut me out of the conversation.

3) *If an engine, machine, or piece of equipment cuts out, it suddenly stops working: DEVRE DIŞI KALMAK
#One of the plane’s engines cut out, so they had to land with only one.

*ortadan kaldırmak;
#It would also dramatically reduce fossil fuel use, by cutting out the need for tractors, ploughs and shipping.

Question 49

Drawback (n.)

Answer 49

*a disadvantage or the negative part of a situation: DEZAVANTAJ, ÇEKİNCE, MAHSUR
#One of the drawbacks of living with someone is having to share a bathroom.
#A major drawback of vertical farming, however, is that the plants would require artificial light.

== downside = disadvantage = handicap

Question 50

Expose (v.)

Answer 50

*to remove what is covering something so that it can be seen: ORTAYA ÇIKARMAK
==display=uncover=bare=reveal
#He damaged his leg so badly in the accident that the bone was exposed.

*to put someone at risk from something harmful or unpleasant: MARUZ BIRAKMAK
== SUBJECT TO
#It is feared that people living near the power station may have been exposed to radiation.
#There had been an outbreak of the virus and healthcare workers had been exposed.
#Without it, those plants nearest the windows would be exposed to more sunlight and grow more quickly,

**maruz kalmak = undergo=be exposed to=be subject of

*to make public something bad or dishonest: İFŞA ETMEK, ORTAYA ÇIKARMAK.
==reveal=disclose
#The newspaper story exposed him as (= showed that he was) a liar.

Question 51

1) Overhead(adj, adv)
2) Overhead (n.)

Answer 51

1) *above your head, usually in the sky: TAVAN, BAŞÜSTÜ
#A flock of geese flew overhead.
#This room needs overhead lighting (= lights in the ceiling).

2) *the regular and necessary costs, such as rent and heating, that are involved in operating a business: GENEL GİDER
#We need to reduce our overheads.

Question 52

Even so (adv.)

Answer 52

*although it is true:
#The phone system has improved, but even so, there are still very few houses with phones.

Question 53

Prohibitive (adj.)
Prohibitively (adv.)

Answer 53

Generating enough light could be prohibitively expensive.

*If the cost of something is prohibitive, it is too expensive for most people:
#Hotel prices in the major cities are high but not prohibitive.
(==high priced=excessive (aşırı)) =yasaklayıcı=restrictive=forbidding

**prohibit = önlemek, yasaklamak = ban =forbid

((Prohibitively expensive = yanına yaklaşılmaz, o kadar pahalı ki kimse alamaz.))

Question 54

Prohibition (n.)

Answer 54

*the act of officially not allowing something, or an order that does this:
#New York City has announced a prohibition on smoking on buses.
#The environmental group is demanding a complete prohibition against the hunting of whales.

(forbidden=ban=restriction=taboo)

Prohibit = önlemek, yasaklamak = ban = forbid

Question 55

1) Aspire (v.)
2) Aspiration (n.)

Answer 55

1)*to want something very much or hope to achieve something or be successful: HEVESLENMEK, ARZULAMAK
aspire to sth; #Most of his students aspired to a career in business.
aspire to do sth; #We aspire to become full-service providers to our clients.

2)*something that you hope to achieve: ARZU, CAN ATMA
#I’ve never had any political aspirations.
#It’s a story about the lives and aspirations of poor Irish immigrants.

(Synonyms = aim, goal, hope, intention, dream, object, purpose, target, ambition)

Question 56

Likelihood (n.)

Answer 56

*the chance that something will happen: gerçekleşme olasılığı, ihtimal.
#This latest dispute greatly increases the likelihood of a strike.
#There is little likelihood now that interest rates will come down further.

(Synonyms = chance, probability, odds, possibility.)

(almost certainly: büyük ihtimalle
In all likelihood everything will go to plan.)

Question 57

Stacked (ajd.)

Answer 57

*covered or filled with a large amount of things: İSTİFLENMİŞ.
#The fridge is stacked with food.

Stack = yığın

Question 58

1) Attempt (v.)
2) Attempt (n.)

Answer 58

1)*to try to do something, especially something difficult: kalkışmak, çalışmak, girişimde bulunmak.
#He attempted to escape through a window.
#He attempted a joke, but no one laughed.
#There’s no point in even attempting an explanation - he’ll never listen.

==make effort=pursue=tackle=strive

2)*the act of trying to do something, especially something difficult: kalkışma, girişim, deneme
#She made a few half-hearted attempts to join in their conversation.
#He made no attempt to be sociable.
#This is my second attempt at the exam.

==attack=endeavor=struggle=effort

Question 59

Address a problem (v.)

Answer 59

bir problemi çözmeye çalışmak, bir problemi ele almak.
#Vertical farming is an attempt to address the undoubted problems
that we face in producing enough
food for a growing population.

Question 60

Detrimental (adj.)

Answer 60

*causing harm or damage: zararlı
#These chemicals have a detrimental effect/impact on the environment.

#At the moment, though, more needs to be done to reduce the detrimental impact it would have on the environment, particularly as regards the use of energy.

(Synonyms = damaging, harmful, prejudicial)

Zarar = detriment, harm, damage, injury, loss