Test - Protein Synthesis, Cell Cycle, DNA Replication Flashcards
The bases in RNA are
A - Adenine
C - Cytosine
G - Guanine
U - Uracil
What is included in the cell cycle graphic?
What do cells use for an external regulator of the cell cycle?
Touch
The final products of mitosis are
2 identical daughter cells (identical to each other and the mother cell)
An insertion, deletion, and substituation are all types of
Gene mutations
When do the chromosomes pull apart to opposite poles (ends) of the cell?
During Anaphase
A, T, C, and G are the bases in
DNA
(A - Adenine
C - Cytosine
G - Guanine
T - Thymine)
What happens during translation?
The tRNA reads the mRNA at the ribosomes to make proteins
The two nitrogen bases in DNA that are purines are
Adenine and Guanine
Label the chromosome
A frame shift mutation is one in which
One nucleotide (letter) is inserted (added) or deleted (taken out of) a sequence
(NEVER substitutes)
What is interphase?
The longest phase of the cell cycle including:
G1 - 1st growth phase
S - Synthesis (DNA Replication)
G2 - 2nd growth phase (inventory of cell and prep for cell division)
Internal hormones that regulate the cell cycle are
Cyclins
The sugar in DNA is _____ and the sugar in RNA is _____
- *D**NA = Deoxyribose
- *R**NA = Ribose
The job of tRNA is to do what?
Read the mRNA at the ribosomes and help make proteins
The t in tRNA is for transfer/translate
(Carries the amino acids)
What is an anticodon?
3 letters in a row on a tRNA molecule - it carries over the amino acid that matches with the message on the mRNA
How is plant cell mitosis different from animal cell mitosis?
Plant - NO cleavage furrow, a cell plate forms to divide the cell
Animal - YES cleavage furrow, the cytoplasm is pinched to split the two cells
A mutation that involves the substitution of one nucleotide (letter) for another
Point Mutation
A large mass of cancer cells
Tumor
Who or what does cancer affect?
All multicellular organisms
What are three reasons a cell would have to divide?
- DNA Overload
- Cannot take in enough materials (resources) fast enough
- Cannot get rid of waste fast enough
Which phase of mitosis is being described:
- Chromosomes become visible
- Nuclear membrane dissolves
- Spindle forms
- Centrioles move to poles of the cell (opposite ends)
Prophase
What are the three types of RNA?
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
During metaphase…
- The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
- The spindle fibers attach to the centromeres
True or False: Volume increases slower than surface area
FALSE.
Volume increases FASTER than surface area!
The uncontrolled growth and reproduction of a cell
Cancer
The two nitrogen bases in DNA that are pyrimidines are
Thymine and Cytosine
3 letters in a row on mRNA is known as a ____ and is used to code for proteins
Codon
The RNA that maintains (makes up) the ribosome is ____
rRNA
r = ribosome
What allows cells to specialize?
Gene Regulation
(know this!)
What are the two ways cells regulate cell division?
- Through internal regulators (cyclins)
- Through external regulators (touch)
mRNA molecules are made from DNA molecules during _____ in the _____
Transcription in the Nucleus
Which type of RNA copies the DNA from the nucleus and carries the information to the ribosome?
mRNA
m = message
This is a picture of what molecule?
DNA
How should the number of purines and the number of pyrimidines compare?
The number of purines should be equal to the number of pyrimidines
During which phase of mitosis does the following occur:
- Chromosomes become invisible
- Nuclear membrane reforms
- Cleavage furrow forms down the middle of the cell
Telophase
Genes contain instructions for what
Making proteins
What is replication? What is the result?
Making two exact copies of the DNA, each made up of one old strand and one new strand
What are the two main phases of cell division? What happens in each?
Mitosis (division of the nucleus)
Cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm)
A nucleotide is the building block of ____ and is made up of what three things?
It is the building block of DNA and is made up of a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate, and a nitrogen base
What is this?
The Genetic Code
