Midterm Review! Flashcards by Mary Schabel

Which cells in the human body are diploid? Which are haploid?

Diploid = body cells (46 chromosomes)

Haploid = gametes (sperm and egg cells; 23 chromosomes)

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What are the phases of mitosis in order?

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
(PMAT)

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How is codominance different than regular dominance?

Provide an example.

In codominace both alleles contribute to the phenotype so they share the look

Ex. Checkered chicken (both black and white)

PS. Erminette = checkered

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Where did Darwin make many of his observations?

On the Galapagos Islands

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Which domain is the kingdom Eubacteria in?

Domain Bacteria

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When an organism has two identical alleles for a particular trait they are

Homozygous (TT or tt)

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What do the sex chromosomes of a female look like? A male?

Female = XX

Male = XY

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What book did Darwin write? Did he publish it right away? Why or why not?

On the Origin of Species

He waited to publish it because he knew his ideas would challenge the fundamental scientific beliefs of his day

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What sex chromosomes can a male pass on to his children? What percentage of sperm will contain each?

He can pass on either X or Y

50% of the sperm will have an X
50% of the sperm will have a Y

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All the genes that are present in a population make up the

Gene pool

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What is artificial selection?

Humans select the variation they find useful (breeding)

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What is the main function of the cell wall?

Provides support and protection for the cell

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Where do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place?

Within the thylakoid membranes

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What happens during telophase in mitosis?

Chromosomes become less visible - thin

Nucleus reforms
Centrioles go back to sleep
Spindle fibers dissolve
Pinching of the cell membrane begins (cleavage furrow)

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The theory of natural selection states that

Survival of an organism is due to its possession of inherited adaptations that maximize fitness

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What are the phases of interphase, and what happens during each phase?

G1 - the cell grows
S - (synthesis) the cell replicates its DNA
G2 - the cell grows again and prepares for mitosis

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During mitosis, if a parent cell normally has 4 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each offspring (daughter cell) have? Why?

4 Chromosomes

Mitosis makes identical copies

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What did the finches traits on different islands show?

They all had different shaped beaks

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How many ATP molecules are made during each step of cellular respiration? Total?

Glycolysis - net gain of 2 ATP
Krebs Cycle - 2 ATP

Electron Transport Chain - 32 ATP

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The function of the cell membrane is to

Regulate what enters and leaves the cell

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What is a pedigree and why is it used?

Pedigrees are charts that can be used to study how a trait is passed from one generation to the next and how it is inherited

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Cytokinesis is the division of the

Cytoplasm

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During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids separate and move away from each other towards opposite ends of the cell?

Anaphase

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What is a nucleotide found in DNA comprised of?

A 5 carbon sugar called deoxyribose

A phosphate group

A nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine)

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What are similar genes evidence of?

Similarities in DNA can be used to help determine classification and evolutionary relationships

When a cell is placed in a isotonic solution, which direction will the water move and what happens to the cell?

There will be equal movement of water into and out of the cell, and the cell will remain unchanged

What is the function of the lysosome?

Digests, or breaksdown, lipids, carbs, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell

A hypothesis should be posed in such a way that makes it \_\_\_\_\_\_

Testable

How many ATP molecules are made during cellular respiration without oxygen? Why?

Without oxygen, only glycolysis would occur, so only 2 ATP molecules would be made

List the 3 principles of cell theory.

1. All living things are composed of cells 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things 3. New cells are made from existing cells

The monomers of proteins are

Amino Acids

Which type of transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient (from low concentration to high concentration) and requires energy to occur?

Active Transport

Describe the characteristics you would expect to find in an organism in domain Archaea

Lives in extreme environments Prokaryotic Cell wall lacks peptidoglycan Unicellular

Who was the first person to see and identify cork cells?

Robert Hooke

What is a hypothesis?

A proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations

What does a punnett square show you? What can it **not** show you?

The possible gene combinations from a genetic cross The actual results of a genetic cross

The main source of energy for living things is

Carbohydrates

How is RNA different from DNA?

The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose RNA is generally single-stranded RNA contains uracil in place of thymine

The problems that a cell faces as it grows are

1. It places more demands on the DNA 2. It has more trouble moving enough nutrients into the cell 3. It has more trouble moving waste out of the cell

How many chromosomes are present in a human gamete? In a human body cell?

23 46

What is convergent evolution?

The process by which unrelated organisms come to resemble each other because of their ecosystem Ex. sharks and dolphins

One cause of muscle soreness is

Lactic acid

During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids line up down the middle of the cell?

Metaphase

When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, which direction will the water move and what happens to the cell?

The water will have a net movement into the cell and the cell will expand

What are the base pairing rules in DNA?

Adenine - Thymine Guanine - Cytosine

What is cell division?

Process by which 1 cell divides into 2 daughter cells, creating 2 identical copies

Natural selection acts directionly upon

***_Phenotypes_***

What is needed for photosynthesis to take place?

CO2 (carbon dioxide), H2O (water), and sunlight

In comparison to prokaryotes, eukaryotes usually contain what?

A nucleus Membrane bound organelles

Mitosis is the division of the

Nucleus

What are NADH and FADH in regards to the electron transport chain?

They are electron carriers that pass high-energy electrons into the electron transport chain

Proteins that regulate the cell cycle are known as

Cyclins

List and describe the three types of natural selection.

1. Directional - individuals at one end of the spectrum have higher fitness than individuals at the center or the other end of the spectrum 2. Stabilizing - individuals near the center of the curve have higher fitness than individuals at either extreme end 3. Disruptive - individuals at both extreme ends have higher fitness than those in the middle

Which organelle functions to assemble proteins according to instructions from the DNA?

Ribosomes

What is the process through which organisms maintain relatively stable internal conditions?

Homeostasis

What is biology?

The study of the living world (life)

What is the product of the Calvin Cycle?

Sugar molecules (glucose - C6H12O6)

What is a taxon?

Each level in the taxonomic nomenclature | (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species)

The most abundant compound in living things is

Water

The nucleus contains

DNA, which can be found in chromosome or chromatin form, and the nucleolus

What did people of Darwin's day know/understand about fossils?

They knew fossils were remains of ancient life

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Osmosis

What is meant by diploid and what symbol is used to represent it?

Diploid cells have a complete set of chromosomes, or 2 copies of each gene It is represented by 2N

What do prokaryotes lack?

A nucleus Membrane-bound organelles

When a cell is placed in a hyper solution, which direction will the water move and what happens to the cell?

There will be a net movement of water out of the cell and the cell will shrink

The two main stages of cell division include

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

How many chromosomes are shown on a normal human karyotype?

Which two domains are composed of only unicellular organisms?

Domains Bacteria and Archaea

This organelle serves as the cell's boundary from its environment

Cell membrane

Darwin's theory of evolution suggests that

Life changes over time

In eukaryotic organisms, where does the electron transport chain take place?

In the inner membrane of the mitochondria

This organelle converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use (ATP)

Mitochondria

What types of cells are produced during meiosis?

4 genetically different haploid cells (each with 23 chromosomes)

What is the sequence of events in cellular respiration?

Glycolysis -\> Krebs Cycle -\> Electron Transport Chain

The products of respiration are

CO2 (carbon dioxide) and H2O (water)

Of the 6 kingdoms, which are prokaryotic and which are eukaryotic?

Pro - Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Eu - Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

An ecosystem is made up of

A community and its nonliving surroundings

Which 3 organelles are found in plant cells but not animal cells?

1. Chloroplast 2. Large central vacuole 3. Cell wall

Organisms that have two different alleles for a particular trait are

Heterozygous (Tt)

Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down

Food molecules

Label the three parts of the ATP molecule

A - Adenine B - Ribose sugar C - First 2 phosphate groups D - Last phosphate group (breaks off to release energy)

What was the largest category in Linneaus's system? Which category was added above it?

Linneaus - Kingdom Domain was added above it

C6H12O6 (glucose) and O2 (oxygen gas) are the products of what process

Photosynthesis

A ***well tested*** explanation that unifies a broad range of observations

Theory

Cell specialization in multicellular organisms allows for what?

It allows the cells to develop in different ways to perform different tasks

When is energy released from ATP?

When the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphates is broken

What is a tumor?

A mass of cancer cells

What are the taxonomic levels in order from largest to smallest?

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Darwin called an organism's **ability** to survive and reproduce

Fitness

Formation of a new species Example?

Speciation Darwin's Finches

What are the basic units of length, volume, and mass using the SI method of measurement?

Length - Meters Volume - Liters Mass - Gram

Why is cellular respiration referred to as an aerobic process?

Because it requires oxygen

Cellular respiration requires what two things to begin?

Glucose (C6H12O6) and Oxygen (O2)

What is the founder effect?

The founder effect is a type of genetic drift that follows the colonization of a new habitat by a small group of individuals

How are gametes produced?

Through the process of meiosis

How can you tell the difference between genus and species in binomial nomenclature? Which one is capitalized?

Genus name is first and the first letter is capitalized Species name is second and is entirely lowercase

What happens during prophase in mitosis?

Nucleus dissolves Spindle fibers form Centrioles wake up Chromosomes thicken and become visible

The Calvin Cycle (light independent reactions) takes place where?

In the stroma of the chloroplast

The series of events that a cell goes through as it grows and divides

The cell cycle

The biosphere includes

All the land, water, and air on Earth

What sex chromosomes can a female pass on to her children?

Only X's

Hair color, skin color, eye color, and height are examples of what type of inheritance?

Polygenic traits - traits controlled by two or more genes Poly = many, multiple

A stack of thylakoids is known as a

Granum

Why do scientists publish details of important experiments?

So their work can be repeated by others and their procedures can be reviewed

The rate of photosynthesis is affected by

1. Temperature 2. Water 3. Light intensity

The amount of Adenine and Guanine in DNA should be ________ the number of Cytosine and Thymine in DNA

Equal to

What are the two types of fermentation and what do they produce?

Alcoholic fermentation - alcohol (beer, wine) Lactic acid fermentation - lactic acid

The work of scientists usually begins with

Careful observations

The cell membrane contains channels and pumps that help move materials from one side of the membrane to the other. What are these channels and pumps made out of?

Proteins!

What is meant by haploid and what symbol represents it?

Haploid means cells that possess half the regular number of chromosomes - or cells with only one set of the genes It is represented by N

Nucleotides are monomers of

DNA and RNA (Nucleic Acids)

What is binomial nomenclature? What taxa does binomial nomenclature give us?

It is our two word naming system Gives the genus and species

What are the levels of organization from the simplest (smallest) to the most complex (largest)?

Atom -\> Molecules -\> Organelles -\> Cells -\> Tissues -\> Organs -\> Organ Systems -\> Organisms -\> Population -\> Community -\> Ecosystem -\> Biosphere

DNA is copied during a process called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. When does this occur?

DNA Replication During the S phase of Interphase