Midterm Review! Flashcards
Which cells in the human body are diploid? Which are haploid?
Diploid = body cells (46 chromosomes)
Haploid = gametes (sperm and egg cells; 23 chromosomes)
What are the phases of mitosis in order?
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
(PMAT)
How is codominance different than regular dominance?
Provide an example.
In codominace both alleles contribute to the phenotype so they share the look
Ex. Checkered chicken (both black and white)
PS. Erminette = checkered
Where did Darwin make many of his observations?
On the Galapagos Islands
Which domain is the kingdom Eubacteria in?
Domain Bacteria
When an organism has two identical alleles for a particular trait they are
Homozygous (TT or tt)
What do the sex chromosomes of a female look like? A male?
Female = XX
Male = XY
What book did Darwin write? Did he publish it right away? Why or why not?
On the Origin of Species
He waited to publish it because he knew his ideas would challenge the fundamental scientific beliefs of his day
What sex chromosomes can a male pass on to his children? What percentage of sperm will contain each?
He can pass on either X or Y
50% of the sperm will have an X
50% of the sperm will have a Y
All the genes that are present in a population make up the
Gene pool
What is artificial selection?
Humans select the variation they find useful (breeding)
What is the main function of the cell wall?
Provides support and protection for the cell
Where do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place?
Within the thylakoid membranes
What happens during telophase in mitosis?
Chromosomes become less visible - thin
Nucleus reforms
Centrioles go back to sleep
Spindle fibers dissolve
Pinching of the cell membrane begins (cleavage furrow)
The theory of natural selection states that
Survival of an organism is due to its possession of inherited adaptations that maximize fitness
What are the phases of interphase, and what happens during each phase?
G1 - the cell grows
S - (synthesis) the cell replicates its DNA
G2 - the cell grows again and prepares for mitosis
During mitosis, if a parent cell normally has 4 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each offspring (daughter cell) have? Why?
4 Chromosomes
Mitosis makes identical copies
What did the finches traits on different islands show?
They all had different shaped beaks
How many ATP molecules are made during each step of cellular respiration? Total?
Glycolysis - net gain of 2 ATP
Krebs Cycle - 2 ATP
Electron Transport Chain - 32 ATP
The function of the cell membrane is to
Regulate what enters and leaves the cell
What is a pedigree and why is it used?
Pedigrees are charts that can be used to study how a trait is passed from one generation to the next and how it is inherited
Cytokinesis is the division of the
Cytoplasm
During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids separate and move away from each other towards opposite ends of the cell?
Anaphase
What is a nucleotide found in DNA comprised of?
A 5 carbon sugar called deoxyribose
A phosphate group
A nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine)
What are similar genes evidence of?
Similarities in DNA can be used to help determine classification and evolutionary relationships
When a cell is placed in a isotonic solution, which direction will the water move and what happens to the cell?
There will be equal movement of water into and out of the cell, and the cell will remain unchanged
What is the function of the lysosome?
Digests, or breaksdown, lipids, carbs, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell
A hypothesis should be posed in such a way that makes it ______
Testable
How many ATP molecules are made during cellular respiration without oxygen? Why?
Without oxygen, only glycolysis would occur, so only 2 ATP molecules would be made
List the 3 principles of cell theory.
- All living things are composed of cells
- Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
- New cells are made from existing cells
The monomers of proteins are
Amino Acids
Which type of transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient (from low concentration to high concentration) and requires energy to occur?
Active Transport
Describe the characteristics you would expect to find in an organism in domain Archaea
Lives in extreme environments
Prokaryotic
Cell wall lacks peptidoglycan
Unicellular
Who was the first person to see and identify cork cells?
Robert Hooke
What is a hypothesis?
A proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations
What does a punnett square show you?
What can it not show you?
The possible gene combinations from a genetic cross
The actual results of a genetic cross
The main source of energy for living things is
Carbohydrates
How is RNA different from DNA?
The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose
RNA is generally single-stranded
RNA contains uracil in place of thymine
The problems that a cell faces as it grows are
- It places more demands on the DNA
- It has more trouble moving enough nutrients into the cell
- It has more trouble moving waste out of the cell
How many chromosomes are present in a human gamete?
In a human body cell?
23
46
What is convergent evolution?
The process by which unrelated organisms come to resemble each other because of their ecosystem
Ex. sharks and dolphins
One cause of muscle soreness is
Lactic acid
During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids line up down the middle of the cell?
Metaphase
When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, which direction will the water move and what happens to the cell?
The water will have a net movement into the cell and the cell will expand
What are the base pairing rules in DNA?
Adenine - Thymine
Guanine - Cytosine
What is cell division?
Process by which 1 cell divides into 2 daughter cells, creating 2 identical copies
Natural selection acts directionly upon
Phenotypes
What is needed for photosynthesis to take place?
CO2 (carbon dioxide), H2O (water), and sunlight
In comparison to prokaryotes, eukaryotes usually contain what?
A nucleus
Membrane bound organelles
Mitosis is the division of the
Nucleus
What are NADH and FADH in regards to the electron transport chain?
They are electron carriers that pass high-energy electrons into the electron transport chain
Proteins that regulate the cell cycle are known as
Cyclins
List and describe the three types of natural selection.
- Directional - individuals at one end of the spectrum have higher fitness than individuals at the center or the other end of the spectrum
- Stabilizing - individuals near the center of the curve have higher fitness than individuals at either extreme end
- Disruptive - individuals at both extreme ends have higher fitness than those in the middle
Which organelle functions to assemble proteins according to instructions from the DNA?
Ribosomes
What is the process through which organisms maintain relatively stable internal conditions?
Homeostasis
What is biology?
The study of the living world (life)
What is the product of the Calvin Cycle?
Sugar molecules (glucose - C6H12O6)
What is a taxon?
Each level in the taxonomic nomenclature
(Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species)
The most abundant compound in living things is
Water
The nucleus contains
DNA, which can be found in chromosome or chromatin form, and the nucleolus
What did people of Darwin’s day know/understand about fossils?
They knew fossils were remains of ancient life
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Osmosis
What is meant by diploid and what symbol is used to represent it?
Diploid cells have a complete set of chromosomes, or 2 copies of each gene
It is represented by 2N
What do prokaryotes lack?
A nucleus
Membrane-bound organelles
When a cell is placed in a hyper solution, which direction will the water move and what happens to the cell?
There will be a net movement of water out of the cell and the cell will shrink
The two main stages of cell division include
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
How many chromosomes are shown on a normal human karyotype?
46
Which two domains are composed of only unicellular organisms?
Domains Bacteria and Archaea
This organelle serves as the cell’s boundary from its environment
Cell membrane
Darwin’s theory of evolution suggests that
Life changes over time
In eukaryotic organisms, where does the electron transport chain take place?
In the inner membrane of the mitochondria
This organelle converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use (ATP)
Mitochondria
What types of cells are produced during meiosis?
4 genetically different haploid cells (each with 23 chromosomes)
What is the sequence of events in cellular respiration?
Glycolysis -> Krebs Cycle -> Electron Transport Chain
The products of respiration are
CO2 (carbon dioxide) and H2O (water)
Of the 6 kingdoms, which are prokaryotic and which are eukaryotic?
Pro - Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Eu - Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
An ecosystem is made up of
A community and its nonliving surroundings
Which 3 organelles are found in plant cells but not animal cells?
- Chloroplast
- Large central vacuole
- Cell wall
Organisms that have two different alleles for a particular trait are
Heterozygous (Tt)
Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down
Food molecules
Label the three parts of the ATP molecule
A - Adenine
B - Ribose sugar
C - First 2 phosphate groups
D - Last phosphate group (breaks off to release energy)
What was the largest category in Linneaus’s system? Which category was added above it?
Linneaus - Kingdom
Domain was added above it
C6H12O6 (glucose) and O2 (oxygen gas) are the products of what process
Photosynthesis
A well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations
Theory
Cell specialization in multicellular organisms allows for what?
It allows the cells to develop in different ways to perform different tasks
When is energy released from ATP?
When the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphates is broken
What is a tumor?
A mass of cancer cells
What are the taxonomic levels in order from largest to smallest?
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Darwin called an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce
Fitness
Formation of a new species
Example?
Speciation
Darwin’s Finches
What are the basic units of length, volume, and mass using the SI method of measurement?
Length - Meters
Volume - Liters
Mass - Gram
Why is cellular respiration referred to as an aerobic process?
Because it requires oxygen
Cellular respiration requires what two things to begin?
Glucose (C6H12O6) and Oxygen (O2)
What is the founder effect?
The founder effect is a type of genetic drift that follows the colonization of a new habitat by a small group of individuals
How are gametes produced?
Through the process of meiosis
How can you tell the difference between genus and species in binomial nomenclature? Which one is capitalized?
Genus name is first and the first letter is capitalized
Species name is second and is entirely lowercase
What happens during prophase in mitosis?
Nucleus dissolves
Spindle fibers form
Centrioles wake up
Chromosomes thicken and become visible
The Calvin Cycle (light independent reactions) takes place where?
In the stroma of the chloroplast
The series of events that a cell goes through as it grows and divides
The cell cycle
The biosphere includes
All the land, water, and air on Earth
What sex chromosomes can a female pass on to her children?
Only X’s
Hair color, skin color, eye color, and height are examples of what type of inheritance?
Polygenic traits - traits controlled by two or more genes
Poly = many, multiple
A stack of thylakoids is known as a
Granum
Why do scientists publish details of important experiments?
So their work can be repeated by others and their procedures can be reviewed
The rate of photosynthesis is affected by
- Temperature
- Water
- Light intensity
The amount of Adenine and Guanine in DNA should be ________ the number of Cytosine and Thymine in DNA
Equal to
What are the two types of fermentation and what do they produce?
Alcoholic fermentation - alcohol (beer, wine)
Lactic acid fermentation - lactic acid
The work of scientists usually begins with
Careful observations
The cell membrane contains channels and pumps that help move materials from one side of the membrane to the other. What are these channels and pumps made out of?
Proteins!
What is meant by haploid and what symbol represents it?
Haploid means cells that possess half the regular number of chromosomes - or cells with only one set of the genes
It is represented by N
Nucleotides are monomers of
DNA and RNA (Nucleic Acids)
What is binomial nomenclature? What taxa does binomial nomenclature give us?
It is our two word naming system
Gives the genus and species
What are the levels of organization from the simplest (smallest) to the most complex (largest)?
Atom -> Molecules -> Organelles -> Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Organ Systems -> Organisms -> Population -> Community -> Ecosystem -> Biosphere
DNA is copied during a process called _______. When does this occur?
DNA Replication
During the S phase of Interphase
