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Biology 101 > Midterm Review! > Flashcards

Midterm Review! Flashcards

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1
Q

Which cells in the human body are diploid? Which are haploid?

A

Diploid = body cells (46 chromosomes)

Haploid = gametes (sperm and egg cells; 23 chromosomes)

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2
Q

What are the phases of mitosis in order?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
(PMAT)

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3
Q

How is codominance different than regular dominance?

Provide an example.

A

In codominace both alleles contribute to the phenotype so they share the look

Ex. Checkered chicken (both black and white)

PS. ​Erminette = checkered

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4
Q

Where did Darwin make many of his observations?

A

On the Galapagos Islands

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5
Q

Which domain is the kingdom Eubacteria in?

A

Domain Bacteria

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6
Q

When an organism has two identical alleles for a particular trait they are

A

Homozygous (TT or tt)

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7
Q

What do the sex chromosomes of a female look like? A male?

A

Female = XX

Male = XY

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8
Q

What book did Darwin write? Did he publish it right away? Why or why not?

A

On the Origin of Species

He waited to publish it because he knew his ideas would challenge the fundamental scientific beliefs of his day

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9
Q

What sex chromosomes can a male pass on to his children? What percentage of sperm will contain each?

A

He can pass on either X or Y

50% of the sperm will have an X
50% of the sperm will have a Y

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10
Q

All the genes that are present in a population make up the

A

Gene pool

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11
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

Humans select the variation they find useful (breeding)

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12
Q

What is the main function of the cell wall?

A

Provides support and protection for the cell

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13
Q

Where do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place?

A

Within the thylakoid membranes

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14
Q

What happens during telophase in mitosis?

A

Chromosomes become less visible - thin

Nucleus reforms
Centrioles go back to sleep
Spindle fibers dissolve
Pinching of the cell membrane begins (cleavage furrow)

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15
Q

The theory of natural selection states that

A

Survival of an organism is due to its possession of inherited adaptations that maximize fitness

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16
Q

What are the phases of interphase, and what happens during each phase?

A

G1 - the cell grows
S - (synthesis) the cell replicates its DNA
G2 - the cell grows again and prepares for mitosis

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17
Q

During mitosis, if a parent cell normally has 4 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each offspring (daughter cell) have? Why?

A

4 Chromosomes

Mitosis makes identical copies

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18
Q

What did the finches traits on different islands show?

A

They all had different shaped beaks

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19
Q

How many ATP molecules are made during each step of cellular respiration? Total?

A

Glycolysis - net gain of 2 ATP
Krebs Cycle - 2 ATP

Electron Transport Chain - 32 ATP

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20
Q

The function of the cell membrane is to

A

Regulate what enters and leaves the cell

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21
Q

What is a pedigree and why is it used?

A

Pedigrees are charts that can be used to study how a trait is passed from one generation to the next and how it is inherited

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22
Q

Cytokinesis is the division of the

A

Cytoplasm

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23
Q

During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids separate and move away from each other towards opposite ends of the cell?

A

Anaphase

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24
Q

What is a nucleotide found in DNA comprised of?

A

A 5 carbon sugar called deoxyribose

A phosphate group

A nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine)

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25
Q

What are similar genes evidence of?

A

Similarities in DNA can be used to help determine classification and evolutionary relationships

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26
Q

When a cell is placed in a isotonic solution, which direction will the water move and what happens to the cell?

A

There will be equal movement of water into and out of the cell, and the cell will remain unchanged

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27
Q

What is the function of the lysosome?

A

Digests, or breaksdown, lipids, carbs, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell

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28
Q

A hypothesis should be posed in such a way that makes it ______

A

Testable

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29
Q

How many ATP molecules are made during cellular respiration without oxygen? Why?

A

Without oxygen, only glycolysis would occur, so only 2 ATP molecules would be made

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30
Q

List the 3 principles of cell theory.

A
  1. All living things are composed of cells
  2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
  3. New cells are made from existing cells
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31
Q

The monomers of proteins are

A

Amino Acids

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32
Q

Which type of transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient (from low concentration to high concentration) and requires energy to occur?

A

Active Transport

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33
Q

Describe the characteristics you would expect to find in an organism in domain Archaea

A

Lives in extreme environments
Prokaryotic
Cell wall lacks peptidoglycan
Unicellular

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34
Q

Who was the first person to see and identify cork cells?

A

Robert Hooke

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35
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations

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36
Q

What does a punnett square show you?

What can it not show you?

A

The possible gene combinations from a genetic cross

The actual results of a genetic cross

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37
Q

The main source of energy for living things is

A

Carbohydrates

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38
Q

How is RNA different from DNA?

A

The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose

RNA is generally single-stranded

RNA contains uracil in place of thymine

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39
Q

The problems that a cell faces as it grows are

A
  1. It places more demands on the DNA
  2. It has more trouble moving enough nutrients into the cell
  3. It has more trouble moving waste out of the cell
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40
Q

How many chromosomes are present in a human gamete?
In a human body cell?

A

23

46

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41
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

The process by which unrelated organisms come to resemble each other because of their ecosystem

Ex. sharks and dolphins

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42
Q

One cause of muscle soreness is

A

Lactic acid

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43
Q

During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids line up down the middle of the cell?

A

Metaphase

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44
Q

When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, which direction will the water move and what happens to the cell?

A

The water will have a net movement into the cell and the cell will expand

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45
Q

What are the base pairing rules in DNA?

A

Adenine - Thymine

Guanine - Cytosine

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46
Q

What is cell division?

A

Process by which 1 cell divides into 2 daughter cells, creating 2 identical copies

47
Q

Natural selection acts directionly upon

A

Phenotypes

48
Q

What is needed for photosynthesis to take place?

A

CO2 (carbon dioxide), H2O (water), and sunlight

49
Q

In comparison to prokaryotes, eukaryotes usually contain what?

A

A nucleus
Membrane bound organelles

50
Q

Mitosis is the division of the

A

Nucleus

51
Q

What are NADH and FADH in regards to the electron transport chain?

A

They are electron carriers that pass high-energy electrons into the electron transport chain

52
Q

Proteins that regulate the cell cycle are known as

A

Cyclins

53
Q

List and describe the three types of natural selection.

A
  1. Directional - individuals at one end of the spectrum have higher fitness than individuals at the center or the other end of the spectrum
  2. Stabilizing - individuals near the center of the curve have higher fitness than individuals at either extreme end
  3. Disruptive - individuals at both extreme ends have higher fitness than those in the middle
54
Q

Which organelle functions to assemble proteins according to instructions from the DNA?

A

Ribosomes

55
Q

What is the process through which organisms maintain relatively stable internal conditions?

A

Homeostasis

56
Q

What is biology?

A

The study of the living world (life)

57
Q

What is the product of the Calvin Cycle?

A

Sugar molecules (glucose - C6H12O6)

58
Q

What is a taxon?

A

Each level in the taxonomic nomenclature

(Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species)

59
Q

The most abundant compound in living things is

A

Water

60
Q

The nucleus contains

A

DNA, which can be found in chromosome or chromatin form, and the nucleolus

61
Q

What did people of Darwin’s day know/understand about fossils?

A

They knew fossils were remains of ancient life

62
Q

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

A

Osmosis

63
Q

What is meant by diploid and what symbol is used to represent it?

A

Diploid cells have a complete set of chromosomes, or 2 copies of each gene

It is represented by 2N

64
Q

What do prokaryotes lack?

A

A nucleus
Membrane-bound organelles

65
Q

When a cell is placed in a hyper solution, which direction will the water move and what happens to the cell?

A

There will be a net movement of water out of the cell and the cell will shrink

66
Q

The two main stages of cell division include

A

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

67
Q

How many chromosomes are shown on a normal human karyotype?

A

46

68
Q

Which two domains are composed of only unicellular organisms?

A

Domains Bacteria and Archaea

69
Q

This organelle serves as the cell’s boundary from its environment

A

Cell membrane

70
Q

Darwin’s theory of evolution suggests that

A

Life changes over time

71
Q

In eukaryotic organisms, where does the electron transport chain take place?

A

In the inner membrane of the mitochondria

72
Q

This organelle converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use (ATP)

A

Mitochondria

73
Q

What types of cells are produced during meiosis?

A

4 genetically different haploid cells (each with 23 chromosomes)

74
Q

What is the sequence of events in cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis -> Krebs Cycle -> Electron Transport Chain

75
Q

The products of respiration are

A

CO2 (carbon dioxide) and H2O (water)

76
Q

Of the 6 kingdoms, which are prokaryotic and which are eukaryotic?

A

Pro - Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

Eu - Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

77
Q

An ecosystem is made up of

A

A community and its nonliving surroundings

78
Q

Which 3 organelles are found in plant cells but not animal cells?

A
  1. Chloroplast
  2. Large central vacuole
  3. Cell wall
79
Q

Organisms that have two different alleles for a particular trait are

A

Heterozygous (Tt)

80
Q

Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down

A

Food molecules

81
Q

Label the three parts of the ATP molecule

A

A - Adenine
B - Ribose sugar
C - First 2 phosphate groups
D - Last phosphate group (breaks off to release energy)

82
Q

What was the largest category in Linneaus’s system? Which category was added above it?

A

Linneaus - Kingdom
Domain was added above it

83
Q

C6H12O6 (glucose) and O2 (oxygen gas) are the products of what process

A

Photosynthesis

84
Q

A well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations

A

Theory

85
Q

Cell specialization in multicellular organisms allows for what?

A

It allows the cells to develop in different ways to perform different tasks

86
Q

When is energy released from ATP?

A

When the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphates is broken

87
Q

What is a tumor?

A

A mass of cancer cells

88
Q

What are the taxonomic levels in order from largest to smallest?

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

89
Q

Darwin called an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce

A

Fitness

90
Q

Formation of a new species

Example?

A

Speciation

Darwin’s Finches

91
Q

What are the basic units of length, volume, and mass using the SI method of measurement?

A

Length - Meters
Volume - Liters
Mass - Gram

92
Q

Why is cellular respiration referred to as an aerobic process?

A

Because it requires oxygen

93
Q

Cellular respiration requires what two things to begin?

A

Glucose (C6H12O6) and Oxygen (O2)

94
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

The founder effect is a type of genetic drift that follows the colonization of a new habitat by a small group of individuals

95
Q

How are gametes produced?

A

Through the process of meiosis

96
Q

How can you tell the difference between genus and species in binomial nomenclature? Which one is capitalized?

A

Genus name is first and the first letter is capitalized

Species name is second and is entirely lowercase

97
Q

What happens during prophase in mitosis?

A

Nucleus dissolves
Spindle fibers form
Centrioles wake up
Chromosomes thicken and become visible

98
Q

The Calvin Cycle (light independent reactions) takes place where?

A

In the stroma of the chloroplast

99
Q

The series of events that a cell goes through as it grows and divides

A

The cell cycle

100
Q

The biosphere includes

A

All the land, water, and air on Earth

101
Q

What sex chromosomes can a female pass on to her children?

A

Only X’s

102
Q

Hair color, skin color, eye color, and height are examples of what type of inheritance?

A

Polygenic traits - traits controlled by two or more genes

Poly = many, multiple

103
Q

A stack of thylakoids is known as a

A

Granum

104
Q

Why do scientists publish details of important experiments?

A

So their work can be repeated by others and their procedures can be reviewed

105
Q

The rate of photosynthesis is affected by

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Water
  3. Light intensity
106
Q

The amount of Adenine and Guanine in DNA should be ________ the number of Cytosine and Thymine in DNA

A

Equal to

107
Q

What are the two types of fermentation and what do they produce?

A

Alcoholic fermentation - alcohol (beer, wine)

Lactic acid fermentation - lactic acid

108
Q

The work of scientists usually begins with

A

Careful observations

109
Q

The cell membrane contains channels and pumps that help move materials from one side of the membrane to the other. What are these channels and pumps made out of?

A

Proteins!

110
Q

What is meant by haploid and what symbol represents it?

A

Haploid means cells that possess half the regular number of chromosomes - or cells with only one set of the genes

It is represented by N

111
Q

Nucleotides are monomers of

A

DNA and RNA (Nucleic Acids)

112
Q

What is binomial nomenclature? What taxa does binomial nomenclature give us?

A

It is our two word naming system

Gives the genus and species

113
Q

What are the levels of organization from the simplest (smallest) to the most complex (largest)?

A

Atom -> Molecules -> Organelles -> Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Organ Systems -> Organisms -> Population -> Community -> Ecosystem -> Biosphere

114
Q

DNA is copied during a process called _______. When does this occur?

A

DNA Replication

During the S phase of Interphase

Biology 101 (16 decks)

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