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Biology 101 > Bacteria/Virus/Protist/Fungi/Immune/Integumentary System Review > Flashcards

Bacteria/Virus/Protist/Fungi/Immune/Integumentary System Review Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of viral diseases include

A

AIDS, common cold, ebola, hepatitis A and B, flu, mumps, SARS, and smallpox

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1
Q

How does kingdom Eubacteria differ from Archaebacteria?

A

Eubacteria - larger kingdom, live almost anywhere, cell walls have peptidoglcyan

Archaebacteria - live in extreme environments, no peptidoglycan in cell walls, possible ancestors to eubacteria

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2
Q

Why are viruses considered nonliving?

A

Because they don’t meet the requirements for life (don’t grow and develop, cannot reproduce outside of a host cell, do not obtain or use energy)

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2
Q

The hypodermis is also known as the

A

Subcutaneous layer

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2
Q

The functional layer of the skin

A

Dermis

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2
Q

Dry skin is a result of

A

Less oil being produced

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2
Q

This response involves the creation of antibodies and uses T cells (helper/killer) and B cells (memory)

A

Specific Response in the Third Line of Defense

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3
Q

An exaggerated response by the immune system to an allergen

A

Allergy

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4
Q

Why do wrinkles appear?

A

Due to elasticity loss

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5
Q

Viruses cause disease in

A

All living things

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6
Q

A horizontal connection between a mother plant/fungus and a baby plant/fungus

A

Stolon

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8
Q

What is a retrovirus? Give an example

A

A virus that contains RNA and that uses reverse transcriptase

HIV

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8
Q

Which cells are able to eat pathogens?

A

Phagocytes (white blood cells)

Macrophages

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8
Q

A specific response to a specific pathogen or antigen

A

Third line of defense

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9
Q

What will a bacteria do during bad conditions (no food, no water, extreme temperatures)?

A

Becomes a bacterial endospore

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10
Q

Eukaryotic, heterotroph with chitin in its cell wall

A

Fungi

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12
Q

Define protist

A

A eukaryotic organism that is not a fungi, animal, or plant

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12
Q

Which line of defense is the specific line of defense?

A

The third line of defense

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13
Q

The role of the immune system is to

A
  1. Maintain homeostasis by recognizing harmful organisms and producing an appropriate response
  2. Helping protect from pathogens
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14
Q

Bacteria are able to reproduce asexually through ________

A

Binary fission

One cell divides to make two identical cells

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15
Q

What is an autoimmune disease?

A

A disease where the immune system attacks itself because it fails to recognize self from nonself

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16
Q

Compare and contrast active and passive immunity

A

Active immunity - the body is “actively” producing antibodies to fight infection; your own body makes the immunity

Passive immunity - antibodies are given to a person from the blood of another person or animal; the immunity is “borrowed” from another person and only lasts for a short period of time

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17
Q

What functions does the skin have other than protection?

A
  1. Regulates body temperature (fat storages keep heat in, blood vessel dilation lets heat out)
  2. Removes waste products from the body (sweating)
  3. Senses (pressure, heat, cold, pain)
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17
Q

The layer of fat deposits that lie beneath the dermis

A

Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)

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17
Describe what you would see with a second degree burn.
Damage to cells of both the epidermis and dermis Blistering occurs Scarring is possible
18
What are the four categories of fungi?
Molds, sac fungi, imperfect fungi, club fungi
18
Are white blood specific or nonspecific?
They can be either
19
What is the role of the hypodermis?
Serves as a shock absorber Insulates the deeper tissues from extreme temperature changes
20
Bacteria can be found in which two kingdoms?
1. Eubacteria 2. Archaebacteria
21
A nonliving molecule that can be recognized by the immune system
Antigen
22
What is sebum?
It's the oil secreted from oil glands that causes oily skin Oil
23
Only infects plants and contains a short part of RNA
Viroids
25
Histamines cause:
- swelling of tissues - release of fluids (runny noses and eyes) - Muscle spasms in some cases
27
The first line of defense includes
Skin - physical barrier Saliva - antibacterial enzymes Tears - antibacterial enzymes Stomach - hydrochloric acid (low pH kills harmful microbes) Mucus - traps dirt and microbes Good bacteria - outcompetes bad bacteria
29
Bacterial diseases include:
Anthrax, bubonic plague, cholera, dental cavities, lyme disease, tuberculosis, strep throat, diphtheria, typhus, tetanus
30
The most important function of the integumentary system is
Protection against: - sunlight (UV rays) - Injury - Infection
32
What are hypha?
Thread-like cells that make up a mushroom
32
How are burns rated?
According to severity
33
Which part of the mushroom absorbs water/food and secretes enzymes?
Rhizoids (like roots)
34
Compare the 2 types of allergic reactions
1. Immediate - occurs within seconds and normally lasts for about 30 minutes 2. Delayed - takes longer to react and can can last for a much longer time
35
This type of virus is able to integrate its viral nucleic acid into the host cell's DNA
Provirus
36
What is cancer?
Unregulated cell replication
37
What do vaccines do?
They inject a weakened/killed form of the virus and cause your body to go into activity immunity. Your body then has memory B cells against the virus already in place for the next time you face it.
38
An example of passive immunity is
Breast-fed babies receive the immunity from their mothers through the breast milk
39
Pain, swelling, fever
Inflammation
41
Compare the roles of melanin and keratin
Melanin - colored pigment that protects cells from damage from solar radiation (UV rays) Keratin - a protein in the layer of dead cells that helps waterproof and protect the living cells beneath
42
The main component in skin and nails
Keratin
43
What would you see in a primary immune system response?
- first time the invader infects the body - there is no measurable immune response for the first few days - over the next 10-15 days, antibody production grows steadily
44
How can allergies be treated?
1. Antihistamines - Benadryl 2. Epinephrine - a hormone that stimulates energy in the body (EpiPen)
46
How does a fever help fight off pathogens?
Slows the reproduction/growth of bacteria
48
How does a secondary immune response differ from a primary response?
In a secondary immune response, there is a more rapid response to the invader because it's the 2+ time it has invaded the body Antibody production increases dramatically and in a much shorter time period
49
What characterizes a first degreen burn?
Redness and mild pain Involves only the epidermal cells Ex. sunburn
50
How are protists classified? What are the three classifications?
Based on their mode of nutrition. Plant-like, animal-like, fungus-like
51
The three major types of skin cancer are
Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Melanoma
52
A "bunch of hyphae
Mycillium
54
Is found between the gills in a mushroom and produces spores
Basidia
55
Most severe type of burn Extends to hypodermis, destroying epidermal and dermal cells
3rd Degree Burn
56
The three shapes of bacteria are
Cocci - circle Bacillus - rod Spirillum - spiral
57
A sudden and severe allergic reaction to a substance that can cause death
Anaphylaxis/Anaphylactic Shock
58
What two things make up a virus?
The DNA/RNA A protein coating (capsid)
59
How do antibodies differ from antibiotics?
Antibodies are produced by your body to fight a bacterial OR viral infection Antibiotics are medication that only attack bacteria; they do NOT work on viruses!
60
What are the two ways bacteria make you sick?
1. Releasing toxin (poo) that poisons your body 2. Bacteria itself can do damage by living and growing inside of you
61
What are the three main layers of the skin (in order from outside to inside)
Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis
62
What are the different arrangements of bacteria?
Strep - chain Staph - cluster Diplo - pair Tetrad - group of 4 Sarcina - cube
64
What happens during an allergic reaction?
Antibodies cause histamines to be released from mast cells
65
What is a bacteriophage?
A virus that only attacks bacteria
66
What is conjugation?
Bacterial sexual reproduction They share DNA by forming a bridge (using pili) between the two bacterial cells
67
In what ways can we classify bacteria?
1. Chemicals in their cell walls (peptidoglycan) 2. Method of movement 3. Method of obtaining energy 4. Where they live 5. If they need oxygen or not 6. Shapes and arrangements
69
What is a pathogen?
Anything that can cause disease, including: viruses bacteria fungi worms protists
70
What is a vaccine?
An injection of a weakened strain of an infectious microbe (pathogen) that causes the body to undergo active immunity (produce antibodies)
71
How is the lysogenic cycle different than the lytic cycle?
The lysogenic cycle takes a longer period of time because the virus integrates its DNA into the host DNA and goes dormant. Then it enters into the lytic cycle and causing death to the host cell The lytic cycle only lasts a short period of time and causes rapid cell death.
72
A normally harmless substance that causes an immune system response
Allergen
73
Prokaryotes are
Bacteria!
74
What undergoes the lytic/lysogenic cycles?
Viruses
75
These are virus-like and contain only misfolded proteins.
Prion Only affects animals
76
What is contained in the dermis?
Blood vessels, nerves, nerve endings, sweat and oil glands, hair follicles
77
What does gram staining tell us?
What type of cell wall a bacteria has (peptidoglycan or not)

Biology 101 (16 decks)

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