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Biology 101 > Bacteria/Virus/Protist/Fungi/Immune/Integumentary System Review > Flashcards

Bacteria/Virus/Protist/Fungi/Immune/Integumentary System Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Examples of viral diseases include

A

AIDS, common cold, ebola, hepatitis A and B, flu, mumps, SARS, and smallpox

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1
Q

How does kingdom Eubacteria differ from Archaebacteria?

A

Eubacteria - larger kingdom, live almost anywhere, cell walls have peptidoglcyan

Archaebacteria - live in extreme environments, no peptidoglycan in cell walls, possible ancestors to eubacteria

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2
Q

Why are viruses considered nonliving?

A

Because they don’t meet the requirements for life (don’t grow and develop, cannot reproduce outside of a host cell, do not obtain or use energy)

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2
Q

The hypodermis is also known as the

A

Subcutaneous layer

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2
Q

The functional layer of the skin

A

Dermis

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2
Q

Dry skin is a result of

A

Less oil being produced

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2
Q

This response involves the creation of antibodies and uses T cells (helper/killer) and B cells (memory)

A

Specific Response in the Third Line of Defense

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3
Q

An exaggerated response by the immune system to an allergen

A

Allergy

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4
Q

Why do wrinkles appear?

A

Due to elasticity loss

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5
Q

Viruses cause disease in

A

All living things

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6
Q

A horizontal connection between a mother plant/fungus and a baby plant/fungus

A

Stolon

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8
Q

What is a retrovirus? Give an example

A

A virus that contains RNA and that uses reverse transcriptase

HIV

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8
Q

Which cells are able to eat pathogens?

A

Phagocytes (white blood cells)

Macrophages

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8
Q

A specific response to a specific pathogen or antigen

A

Third line of defense

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9
Q

What will a bacteria do during bad conditions (no food, no water, extreme temperatures)?

A

Becomes a bacterial endospore

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10
Q

Eukaryotic, heterotroph with chitin in its cell wall

A

Fungi

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12
Q

Define protist

A

A eukaryotic organism that is not a fungi, animal, or plant

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12
Q

Which line of defense is the specific line of defense?

A

The third line of defense

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13
Q

The role of the immune system is to

A
  1. Maintain homeostasis by recognizing harmful organisms and producing an appropriate response
  2. Helping protect from pathogens
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14
Q

Bacteria are able to reproduce asexually through ________

A

Binary fission

One cell divides to make two identical cells

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15
Q

What is an autoimmune disease?

A

A disease where the immune system attacks itself because it fails to recognize self from nonself

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16
Q

Compare and contrast active and passive immunity

A

Active immunity - the body is “actively” producing antibodies to fight infection; your own body makes the immunity

Passive immunity - antibodies are given to a person from the blood of another person or animal; the immunity is “borrowed” from another person and only lasts for a short period of time

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17
Q

What functions does the skin have other than protection?

A
  1. Regulates body temperature (fat storages keep heat in, blood vessel dilation lets heat out)
  2. Removes waste products from the body (sweating)
  3. Senses (pressure, heat, cold, pain)
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17
Q

The layer of fat deposits that lie beneath the dermis

A

Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)

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17
Q

Describe what you would see with a second degree burn.

A

Damage to cells of both the epidermis and dermis

Blistering occurs

Scarring is possible

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18
Q

What are the four categories of fungi?

A

Molds, sac fungi, imperfect fungi, club fungi

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18
Q

Are white blood specific or nonspecific?

A

They can be either

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19
Q

What is the role of the hypodermis?

A

Serves as a shock absorber

Insulates the deeper tissues from extreme temperature changes

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20
Q

Bacteria can be found in which two kingdoms?

A
  1. Eubacteria
  2. Archaebacteria
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21
Q

A nonliving molecule that can be recognized by the immune system

A

Antigen

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22
Q

What is sebum?

A

It’s the oil secreted from oil glands that causes oily skin

Oil

23
Q

Only infects plants and contains a short part of RNA

A

Viroids

25
Q

Histamines cause:

A
  • swelling of tissues
  • release of fluids (runny noses and eyes)
  • Muscle spasms in some cases
27
Q

The first line of defense includes

A

Skin - physical barrier

Saliva - antibacterial enzymes

Tears - antibacterial enzymes

Stomach - hydrochloric acid (low pH kills harmful microbes)

Mucus - traps dirt and microbes

Good bacteria - outcompetes bad bacteria

29
Q

Bacterial diseases include:

A

Anthrax, bubonic plague, cholera, dental cavities, lyme disease, tuberculosis, strep throat, diphtheria, typhus, tetanus

30
Q

The most important function of the integumentary system is

A

Protection against:
- sunlight (UV rays)

  • Injury
  • Infection
32
Q

What are hypha?

A

Thread-like cells that make up a mushroom

32
Q

How are burns rated?

A

According to severity

33
Q

Which part of the mushroom absorbs water/food and secretes enzymes?

A

Rhizoids (like roots)

34
Q

Compare the 2 types of allergic reactions

A
  1. Immediate - occurs within seconds and normally lasts for about 30 minutes
  2. Delayed - takes longer to react and can can last for a much longer time
35
Q

This type of virus is able to integrate its viral nucleic acid into the host cell’s DNA

A

Provirus

36
Q

What is cancer?

A

Unregulated cell replication

37
Q

What do vaccines do?

A

They inject a weakened/killed form of the virus and cause your body to go into activity immunity. Your body then has memory B cells against the virus already in place for the next time you face it.

38
Q

An example of passive immunity is

A

Breast-fed babies receive the immunity from their mothers through the breast milk

39
Q

Pain, swelling, fever

A

Inflammation

41
Q

Compare the roles of melanin and keratin

A

Melanin - colored pigment that protects cells from damage from solar radiation (UV rays)

Keratin - a protein in the layer of dead cells that helps waterproof and protect the living cells beneath

42
Q

The main component in skin and nails

A

Keratin

43
Q

What would you see in a primary immune system response?

A
  • first time the invader infects the body
  • there is no measurable immune response for the first few days
  • over the next 10-15 days, antibody production grows steadily
44
Q

How can allergies be treated?

A
  1. Antihistamines - Benadryl
  2. Epinephrine - a hormone that stimulates energy in the body (EpiPen)
46
Q

How does a fever help fight off pathogens?

A

Slows the reproduction/growth of bacteria

48
Q

How does a secondary immune response differ from a primary response?

A

In a secondary immune response, there is a more rapid response to the invader because it’s the 2+ time it has invaded the body

Antibody production increases dramatically and in a much shorter time period

49
Q

What characterizes a first degreen burn?

A

Redness and mild pain

Involves only the epidermal cells

Ex. sunburn

50
Q

How are protists classified? What are the three classifications?

A

Based on their mode of nutrition. Plant-like, animal-like, fungus-like

51
Q

The three major types of skin cancer are

A

Basal cell carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma

Melanoma

52
Q

A “bunch of hyphae

A

Mycillium

54
Q

Is found between the gills in a mushroom and produces spores

A

Basidia

55
Q

Most severe type of burn

Extends to hypodermis, destroying epidermal and dermal cells

A

3rd Degree Burn

56
Q

The three shapes of bacteria are

A

Cocci - circle

Bacillus - rod

Spirillum - spiral

57
Q

A sudden and severe allergic reaction to a substance that can cause death

A

Anaphylaxis/Anaphylactic Shock

58
Q

What two things make up a virus?

A

The DNA/RNA

A protein coating (capsid)

59
Q

How do antibodies differ from antibiotics?

A

Antibodies are produced by your body to fight a bacterial OR viral infection

Antibiotics are medication that only attack bacteria; they do NOT work on viruses!

60
Q

What are the two ways bacteria make you sick?

A
  1. Releasing toxin (poo) that poisons your body
  2. Bacteria itself can do damage by living and growing inside of you
61
Q

What are the three main layers of the skin (in order from outside to inside)

A

Epidermis
Dermis

Hypodermis

62
Q

What are the different arrangements of bacteria?

A

Strep - chain
Staph - cluster

Diplo - pair

Tetrad - group of 4

Sarcina - cube

64
Q

What happens during an allergic reaction?

A

Antibodies cause histamines to be released from mast cells

65
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

A virus that only attacks bacteria

66
Q

What is conjugation?

A

Bacterial sexual reproduction

They share DNA by forming a bridge (using pili) between the two bacterial cells

67
Q

In what ways can we classify bacteria?

A
  1. Chemicals in their cell walls (peptidoglycan)
  2. Method of movement
  3. Method of obtaining energy
  4. Where they live
  5. If they need oxygen or not
  6. Shapes and arrangements
69
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Anything that can cause disease, including:

viruses

bacteria

fungi

worms

protists

70
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

An injection of a weakened strain of an infectious microbe (pathogen) that causes the body to undergo active immunity (produce antibodies)

71
Q

How is the lysogenic cycle different than the lytic cycle?

A

The lysogenic cycle takes a longer period of time because the virus integrates its DNA into the host DNA and goes dormant. Then it enters into the lytic cycle and causing death to the host cell

The lytic cycle only lasts a short period of time and causes rapid cell death.

72
Q

A normally harmless substance that causes an immune system response

A

Allergen

73
Q

Prokaryotes are

A

Bacteria!

74
Q

What undergoes the lytic/lysogenic cycles?

A

Viruses

75
Q

These are virus-like and contain only misfolded proteins.

A

Prion

Only affects animals

76
Q

What is contained in the dermis?

A

Blood vessels, nerves, nerve endings, sweat and oil glands, hair follicles

77
Q

What does gram staining tell us?

A

What type of cell wall a bacteria has (peptidoglycan or not)

Biology 101 (16 decks)

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