Final Exam Review Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 3 types of muscles?
Where are they located?
A
Skeletal - attached to bone (has stripes)
Smooth - digestive tract and blood vessels (no stripes or branches)
Cardiac - heart (branched, some stripes)
2
Q
Swollen lymph nodes indicate
A
The lymphatic vessels are blocked due to injury or disease
3
Q
List the passageway of air from the nose to the lungs, including the function of each part of the pathway
A
Nose/Mouth - warms, moistens, and filters the air
Pharynx - back of throat, holds both food and air
Larynx - vocal cords
Epiglottis - flap that covers the trachea when food is swallowed
Bronchial tubes - two large passageways that lead to each lung
Lungs - elastic sacs that are surrounded by pleura
4
Q
The skin, hair, and nails make up which system
A
Integumentary
5
Q
This system works to regulate and release hormones into the blood stream
A
Endocrine system
6
Q
Provides nutrients to the fetus and connects the fetus to the mother’s uterus
A
Placenta
7
Q
The range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way they use those conditions
A
Niche
8
Q
How do primary succession and secondary succession differ?
A
Primary Succession: nothing remains, not even the soil; lichens populate first to form soil. Ex. Volcanic eruption
Secondary Succession: soil is still present. Ex. Wildfires
9
Q
Compare and contrast xylem and phloem
A
Xylem = dead cells that transport water/minerals by capillary action UP the plant (from the roots)
Phloem = living tissues that transport sugar (food) DOWN the plant (from the leaves)
10
Q
What kind of veins can you expect to find in a monocot?
In a dicot?
A
Monocots = parallel veins
Dicots = branched veins
11
Q
How is an open circulatory system different from a closed circulatory system?
A
Open System - blood isn’t always contained within blood vessels; it can be pumped through a system of sinuses
Closed System - blood is contained within vessels that extend throughout the body
12
Q
How many chambers would be found in the heart of a cow?
A
Cows are mammals so it would have a 4 chambered heart
13
Q
What is a producer?
A
An organism that makes its own food (ex. plants)
14
Q
Why do plants want to be dispersed far away from their parent plant?
A
To reduce competition
15
Q
How do fungi get their nutrients?
A
Fungi do NOT ingest their food. Instead, they digest food outside of their bodies and then absorb it
16
Q
List common places you would find fungal mold growing
A
Meat, cheese, bread
17
Q
What are the two major functions of the plant roots?
A
- Anchor the plant to the ground
- Absorb water and dissolved nutrients from the soil
18
Q
What are antibiotics and what do they work on?
A
Medicines used to kill bacteria. They do NOT work on viruses.
19
Q
What effect does a fever have on an infection?
A
It slows down the growth of pathogens
20
Q
Process by which organisms maintain fairly constant internal conditions
A
Homeostasis
21
Q
Relaying messages, processing information, and anazyling information are the three main functions of which division of the nervous system?
A
Central Nervous System (CNS)
22
Q
The two parts of the brain stem are:
A
- Pons
- Medulla Oblongata
23
Q
An organism that gets its energy by eating other organism (synonym for consumer)
A
Heterotroph
24
Q
What is the function of valves in the circulatory system?
A
Prevent the back flow of blood
25
How are decomposers and detritivores different?
Detritivores feed on plant and animal remains and other dead matter (ex. worms)
Decomposers obtain nutrients by breaking down dead and decaying plants and animals (ex. bacteria)
26
The outermost layer of the skin is the \_\_\_\_\_, and is composed of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Epidermis
Dead cells and some living
27
What controls the activity of the kidneys
The composition of the blood
28
Describe the steps of the Lytic Cycle.
What happens to the host cell in the end?
Viruses inject their genetic material (DNA or RNA) into the host cell, then the virus replicates causing the host cell to burst (lyse), and die
29
How does HIV/AIDS harm your body?
It weakens the immune system by killing _Helper T Cells_
30
What is the difference between ligaments and tendons
Ligaments hold bones together in a joint
Tendons hold bones to muscles
31
What is a zygote?
A fertilized egg
32
The gametophyte of gymnosperms are found inside what reproductive structure?
(Ex. of gymnosperms = christmas tree)
Cones
33
What imporant feature is located in the cap of the mushroom?
Basidia (spore-bearing structure)
34
An expanded flower ovary
Fruit
35
The branch of biology dealing with interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment
Ecology
36
What is the role of fungus as a decomposer?
Breaks down dead organisms (decomposers) which is important in improving the quality of topsoil
37
Testosterone is needed for the development of what?
Sperm
38
Are there muscles in the lungs?
NO. Lungs are ***ELASTIC.***
39
Why can matter cycle through the biosphere?
Matter is transformed and recycled
Matter is NOT destroyed or used up
40
How long does the menstrual cycle last?
1 month
41
What two groups of organisms go together to make lichens?
1. Fungus
2. Algae OR Cyanobacterium
42
What is the dermis?
The middle layer of the cell that is composed of living cells, blood vessels, nerve endings, glands, and hair follicles
43
What do tree rings tell us?
1. Age of the tree (count the rings)
2. Weather patterns like wet/dry years based on the thickness of the ring
44
The original source of almost all energy in the world
The Sun! :)
45
What are the body's ***nonspecific*** defenses?
Which is the most important?
Skin (most imporant), the chemicals and bacteria of the body
46
An organism that gets its energy by eating other organisms
Consumer (ex. Animals)
47
When one organism benefits and the other organism is neither harmed nor benefitted
Give an example.
Commensalism (happy-don't care)
Ex. Barnacles attached to a whale
48
All of the members of a particular species that live in one area
Population
49
How do omnivores, herbivores, and carnivores differ?
Herbivores eat only producers (plants)
Omnivores eat both producers and consumers (plants and animals)
Carnivores eat only other consumers (lions)
50
What is a limiting factor?
List examples.
A factor that causes population growth to decrease
Ex. Competition, predation, parasitism, disease, natural disasters, human disturbances, availability of resources
51
What parts of the flower are the female reproduction organs?
Carpel/Pistil - flowers female reproductive structure
Stigma - top of the style which is sticky to catch pollen
Style - stalk of the carpel/pistil
Ovary - broad base of the carpel/pistil which contains ovules
Ovule - where eggs are produced
52
Abiotic includes
All of the nonliving factors in the environment (water, soil, temperature)
53
\_\_\_\_% of energy is passed from one trophic level to the next, while the rest is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
10% passed along
Rest released as heat
54
The most inner layer of the skin that is the fat layer
Hypodermis
55
Biotic includes
All of the living factors in the environment (animals, plants, predators, prey)
56
The lowest level of environmental complexity that includes living and nonliving factors
Ecosystem
57
The largest part of the brain is the \_\_\_\_\_. It controls \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Cerebrum
Volunatry actions (walking, answering questions)
58
Cells that break down bone
Osteoclast
59
List all the characteristics that a chordate will have at some point in its life
1. A dorsal, hollow nerve cord
2. A notochord
3. Pharyngeal pouches
4. A tail that extends beyond the anus
60
A fungal fruiting body
The reproductive structure growing from mycelium in the soil beneath it
(ex. Mushroom!)
61
The stemlike hyphae that run along the surface of whatever the fungus is growing on
Stolon
62
The brain stem controls \_\_\_\_\_.
Involuntary actions (heart beat, breathing)
63
What is parasitism?
Give an example.
One organism benefits while the other is harmed
Ex. Dog & tick
64
What is a lichen?
A mutualistic relationship between a fungus and either an algae or a cyanobacterium
65
What are neurotransmitters?
What do they do?
Chemicals
They are used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell
66
\_\_\_\_ is produced in the seminiferous tubules inside the male testes
Sperm
67
List the 4 things that are recycled through the biosphere.
1. Water
2. Carbon
3. Nitrogen
4. Phosphorous
68
What is included in the male reproductive structure of a flower?
Stamen - flower's male reproductive structure
Anther - produces haploid sperm inside pollen
Filament - thin stalk that supports the anther
69
List 4 human diseases caused by fungus
Yeast Infections
Athlete's Foot
Thrush
Ringworm
70
A ______ is the outer protein coat of a virus
Capsid
71
Vascular tissue in plants is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Continuous from roots to leaves
72
What is a community?
| (biological definition please)
Different populations that live together in a defined area
73
Drugs that slow down the activity of the central nervous system
Depressants
74
On the logistic growth curve, what does the area of exponential growth represent?
The area of exponential growth represents when the population is growing quickly.
75
How are Eubacteria different from Archaebacteria?
Eubacteria - cell walls have peptidoglycan
Archaebacteria - no peptidoglycan in their cell walls, live in extreme environments
76
In what type of symbiotic relationship do both organisms benefit?
Provide an example.
Mutualism (happy-happy)
Ex. Bee & Flower; Clownfish & Anemone
77
Compare primary and secondary stem growth
Primary - when the stem grows longer (from the top)
Secondary - when the stem grows thicker (tree rings)
78
The combined portions of Earth in which all living things exist
Biosphere
79
What is the defintion of a protist?
Eukaryote, multicellular, most diverse kingdom; organisms are similar to plant, animal, and fungus
80
How does the function of red bone marrow differ from the function of yellow bone marrow?
Red bone marrow produces red blood cells
Yellow bone marrow is made up primarily of fat cells
81
Which organisms have the most efficient lungs?
Birds
82
The main organs of the excretory system are:
_Kidneys_, ureters, bladder, urethra
83
This part of the brain is responsible for coordination and balance
Cerebellum
84
How do antibiotics fight an infection?
They kill BACTERIA without harming the cells of the human or animal host
85
Use the picture to name the three different SHAPES of bacteria. Be able to identify them.
A. Bacilli - rod shapped bacteria
B. Spirilla - a helical or corkscrew-shaped bacteria
C. Cocci - spherical or oval shaped bacteria
86
What system acts similar to a transportation system?
Circulatory
87
What is an autoimmune disease?
When your immune system fails to distinguish self from nonself
88
What are the jobs of the sepal and petal?
Sepal - enclose the flower bud before it opens
Petal - brightly colored to attract pollinators
89
What is chyme?
Partially digested food from the stomach
90
What happens to your white blood cell count when you get an infection?
The number of white blood cells (WBC's) increases
91
The endocrine system is made up of
Glands
92
An enormous mass of algae
A "bloom"
93
How is a first level consumer different than a second level consumer?
A first level consumer eats producers
A second level consumer eats the first level consumer
94
What are 2 ways bacteria cause disease?
1. Damaging cells and tissues
2. Releasing toxins (bacteria poop)
95
Strong connective tissue that supports the body and is softer and more flexible than bone
Cartilage
96
The number of individuals per unit area
Population density
97
How does carbon cycle through the biosphere?
_Biological processes_ such as **photosynthesis**, **respiration**, and **decomposition**
_Geochemical processes_ such as **erosion** and **volcanic activity**
_Human activities_ such as **mining**, **burning forests**, and **burning fossil fuels**
98
What is the difference between a food web and a food chain?
A food ***chain*** is a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy from one to another by eating and being eaten (**_one way_**)
A food ***web*** is an ecological model of the relationships that form a network of complex interactions among organisms in a community from producers to decomposers.
99
Compare the flowers, stems, and roots of monocots and dicots
Monocots:
**Flowers** - multiples of _3_; **Stems** - vascular bundles are _scattered_ throughout them; **Roots** - _fibrous_ and stringy
Dicots:
**Flowers** - multiples of _4 or 5_; **Stems** - vascular bundles are _arranged in a ring_; **Roots** - long deep _taproot_ (ex. carrot)
100
What 4 characteristics do ALL plants share?
1. Eukaryotes
2. Multicellular
3. Autotrophs (producers)
4. Cell walls are made of cellulose
101
Where are the instructions kept for making a new virus?
In either the virus's DNA or RNA
102
How are veins different from arteries?
Veins - thinner walls, have valves, carry blood towards the heart
Arteries - thicker walls, do NOT have valves, carry blood away from the heart
103
What is a biome?
It is an environment identified by its particular set of abiotic (nonliving) factors and its characteristic ecological community
104
List the passageway of food from the mouth to the anus and the function of each part in the passageway
**Mouth** - mechanical digestion (chewing) and chemical digestion (saliva produces amylase to break down food)
**Pharynx** - passes food, fluid, and air through (peristalsis)
**Esophagus** - food tube between the pharynx and stomach
**Stomach** - breaks food down into a soft, partially digested mixture (chyme)
**Small intestine** - most of the food absorption
**Large intestine** - removes water from remaining waste
**Rectum** - holds waste; **Anus** - muscle at the bottom of the rectum
105
Which enzymes are found in the mouth and the stomach?
What do they each digest/break down?
Amylase (mouth) - breaks down starches into sugars
Pepsin (stomach) - breaks down proteins
106
(Immigration/Emigration) is the movement of organisms INTO a given area from another area
(Immigration/Emigration) is when organisms move OUT of the population
Immigration = In
Emigration = Out (exit)
107
What are specialized sex cells called?
Gametes (eggs and sperm)
108
The tangled mass of hyphae that makes up the body of a fungus
Mycelium
109
Which plants do not possess xylem or phloem?
Non-vascular plants like mosses
110
Describe the steps of the Lysogenic Cycle.
How is it different from the Lytic Cycle?
The viral DNA is replicated with the host DNA; New viruses are NOT produced immediately; The virus can remain in stage for a long time (dormancy/sleeping) because the host cell is NOT lysed immediately; The virus wakes up and moves into the lytic cycle
111
What is a bryophyte? Where does it grow and what do they NOT have?
Low growing plants that can be found in _moist_, _shaded_ areas, where water is in **regular** **supply**.
Includes mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
They do ***_NOT_*** have vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)
112
What are hyphae?
The thin filaments which can have cross walls or not
(know cross walls)
113
Monocots have ___ seeds and Dicots have ___ seeds
Monocots = 1 cotyledon (mono means 1)
Dicots = 2 cotyledon (di means 2)
(Know the pictures)
114
What are the FIVE functions of the skeleton?
1. Supports the body
2. Protects the internal organs
3. Provides for movement
4. Stores mineral reserves
5. Provides a site for blood cell formation
115
How does a muscle contract?
Thin filaments in a muscle fiber slide over thick filaments in a muscle fiber
116
Cells that produce bone
Osteoblasts
117
What is a rhizoid?
Rootlike hyphae that penetrate the surface of whatever the fungus is growing on
118
Drugs that increase heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate
Stimulants
119
An injection of a weakened or mild form of the pathogen that stimulates the immune system to create plasma cells ready to produce antibodies
Vaccine
120
The human body contains _________ liters of blood
4 to 6
121
A **_natural_** phenomenon that maintains Earth's temperature range
The Greenhouse Effect
122
An organism that makes its own food (synonym for producer)
Autotroph
123
How does energy travel through the biosphere?
Energy flows ***in one direction***
