Test - Meiosis, Genetics/Heredity

Question 1

What did Mendel use pea plants for?

Answer 1

To study inherited traits

Question 1

TT and tt are both

Answer 1

Homozygous

Question 1

How are genotype and phenotype different?

Answer 1

Genotype - the letters representing genes
ex. TT, Tt, tt, RR, Rr, rr… etc

Phenotype - how genotype is expressed, the looks
ex. Tall, short, round, wrinkled

Question 1

What is gained from polygenic traits?

Answer 1

Variation

Question 1

Describe the difference between haploid and diploid.

Answer 1

Haploid - represented by N, contains half the number of chromosomes (in humans 23)

Diploid - represented by 2N, contains the full count of chromosomes (in humans 46)

Question 2

What are the products of mitosis?

Answer 2

Somatic cells that are identical to each other and the mother cell (original cell)

Question 3

How is codominance different that regular dominance?

Answer 3

With codominance, the both traits are dominant and they share the look

Ex. Black chicken x white chicken = black AND white chicken
(Checkered chicken, Erminette chicken)

Question 3

What is a pedigree? What is it used for?

Answer 3

It’s a family tree that shows traits through generations
It is used to determine whether traits are inherited, show how traits are passed on, and show dominant and recessive individuals

Question 4

A Punnett square is able to tell us

Answer 4

The possible outcomes for offspring

Question 4

How many chromosomes do humans have?

Answer 4

46

Question 5

What is a karyotype? What is it used for?

Answer 5

A picture of the autosomes and sex chromosomes

It can be used to show if there is an extra or missing chromosome

Question 6

Compare and contrast gametes and somatic cells

Answer 6

Gametes - sex cells, sperm and egg cells, haploid, produced during meiosis

Somatic cells - body cells (nose, eye, etc), diploid, produced during mitosis

Question 7

What would the results be of a cross between Tt and Tt?

Answer 7

TT, Tt, Tt, and tt

(Be able to do a Punnett square for this)

Question 7

What makes a male a male? What makes a female a female?

(chromosome wise)

Answer 7

Male - XY

Female - XX

Question 9

What are linked genes?

Answer 9

Genes that are located on the same chromosomes (autosomes)

Question 11

Give some examples of polygenic traits

Answer 11

Hair color, skin color, eye color

Question 13

What is nondisjunction?

Answer 13

When chromosomes do not pull apart correctly during meiosis

Question 13

What is a DNA Fingerprint?

Answer 13

The genetic makeup of an individual

No 2 people (except identical twins) have exactly the same DNA

Question 14

The Principle of Dominance states what?

Answer 14

Some alleles are dominant while other alleles are recessive

(Some traits will always show and mask other alleles)

Question 15

What are sex-linked genes?

Answer 15

Genes found on the X or Y chromosome

Question 17

What are traits?

Answer 17

Quality or characteristic (looks)

Question 18

What does a phenotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross tell us?

Answer 18

1. The probabilty of possible offspring having both dominant traits
2. The probability of possible offspring having the first dominant trait and the second recessive
3. The probability of possible offspring having the first recessive trait and the second dominant
4. The probability of possible offspring having both recessive traits

Question 19

What are some examples of traits with multiple alleles?

Answer 19

Blood type, patterns of color, spots on a dog

Question 20

Which chromosomes undergo crossing over?

Answer 20

Tetrads/Homologous pairs

Question 22

Identify what is being depicted in this picture.

Answer 22

Crossing over

Question 23

If an organism normally contains 16 chromosomes, what are the organisms haploid and diploid numbers?

Answer 23

Diploid - 16
Haploid - 8

Question 24

What are the products of meiosis?

Answer 24

4 gametes, DIFFERENT from each other, each with 1/2 the number of chromosomes (haploid)

Question 25

What are the possible genotypic and phenotypic combinations for blood type?

Answer 25

Type A - AA and Ai (AO)
Type B - BB and Bi (BO)

Type AB - AB
Type O - ii (OO)

Can also be written

Type A - I^AI^A and I^Ai
Type B - I^BI^B and I^Bi
Type AB - I^AI^B

Question 26

The result of a cross between parents with different traits

Answer 26

Hybrids (ex. Tt)

Question 27

A unit of heredity that is passed from parent to offspring and determines a characteristic of the offspring

Answer 27

Gene

Question 28

Alleles

Answer 28

Letters representing genes (ex. T, t)

Question 30

What process is used to change the DNA or an organism?

Answer 30

Genetic engineering

(ex. glowing cats)

Question 31

How many cells are produced during mitosis and meiosis?

Answer 31

During mitosis - 2
During meiosis - 4

Question 32

What is selective breeding?

Answer 32

Humans pick who breeds for a specific trait

Ex. Breeding dogs

Question 33

Different letters

Answer 33

Heterozygous (Tt)

Question 35

What is special about incomplete dominance?

Answer 35

With incomplete dominance, neither dominant trait can mask the other so there is a blending of the two traits

Ex. Red flower x white flower = pink flower

Question 36

Tt are genes for someone that is

Answer 36

Heterozygous (a hybrid)

Question 37

What can’t a Punnett square tell us?

Answer 37

The actual results of a genetic cross

Question 38

What is a somatic cell?

Answer 38

A regular body cell (brain cell, heart cell, nose cell, etc)

Question 40

What was Mendel able to conclude from his study of pea plants?

Answer 40

That traits are inherited from parents to offspring

Question 41

What was the Human Genome Project?

Answer 41

The sequencing of all human DNA

Question 42

Same letters

Answer 42

Homozygous (TT or tt)

Question 43

Erminette offspring are showing what type of dominance?

Answer 43

Codominance

Question 44

What kinds of traits are controlled by more than one gene?

Answer 44

Polygenic traits

Question 45

Where on most sex-linked traits found?

Answer 45

On the X chromosome only.