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Biology 101 > Integumentary and Immune Systems > Flashcards

Integumentary and Immune Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

This layer of the skin is the outer layer, a thin portion composed of both living and dead cells, with the top layer being 25-30 layers of dead flattened cells

A

Epidermis

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2
Q

Which layer of skin is the functional layer?

A

Dermis

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3
Q

How many types of specific immune responses are there?

A

2

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3
Q

The sudden and severe allergic reaction to a substance that can cause death

A

Anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock

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4
Q

Pathogens are foreign invaders that are ________, including:

A

Living

Protists

Fungi

Bacteria

Worms

Viruses (though not technically living)

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5
Q

What do antibodies do during an allergic reaction?

A

They cause histamines to be released from mast cells

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5
Q

_________ is another term for the hypodermis

A

Subcutaneous layer

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6
Q

The skin protects from

A

UV rays

Injury

Infection

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7
Q

What is the immune system designed to do?

A

Help protect us from pathogens

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7
Q

What senses can be felt by the skin?

A

Cold

Heat

Pain

Pressure

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7
Q

Which layer of the skin absorbs shock?

A

Hypodermis

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8
Q

Blisters and scarring can be found typically with

A

Second degree burns

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9
Q

Which response involves the creation of antibodies?

A

Third line of defense

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10
Q

What would you expect to see from a first degree burn?

A

Redness and mild pain

Ex. sunburn

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11
Q

How does mucus aid the immune system

A

Traps dirt and microbes

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12
Q

What does it mean to be a nonspecific line of defense in the immune system?

A

It protects against all antigens and pathogens, and doesn’t target anything in particular

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13
Q

Why do wrinkles appear with age?

A

Loss of elasticity (elastin)

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14
Q

What are the roles of the proteins found in the epidermis?

A

Keratin - helps waterproof and protect the living cells beneath; makes up hair and nails

Melanin - colored pigment that protects cells from damage from solar radiation (UV light)

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15
Q

A disease where the immune system attacks itself

A

Autoimmune disease

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17
Q

Other than macrophages/phagocytes, the second line of defense includes:

A

Inflammation (pain, swelling)

Fever

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18
Q

When is the second line of defense necessary?

A

Only when the first line of defense is penetrated

19
Q

A normally harmless substance that causes and allergic reaction

A

Allergen

20
Q

How do T cells differ from B cells?

A

T Cells are either killers or helpers

B cells are used for memory to remember the pathogens and create antibodies

21
Q

How are burns rated?

A

According to severity

23
Q

A fever is useful to the immune system because it

A

Slows the growth/reproduction of bacteria

25
Q

How does active immunity differ from passive immunity?

A

Active immunity is where your body is “actively” producing antibodies to fight the infection and your body is making the immunity.

Passive immunity is “borrowed”, like from a mother to a baby through breast feeding. The antibodies are passed on, and are only temporary (lasts for a short period of time).

26
Q

The three main layers of the skin are

A

Epidermis

Dermis

Hypodermis

28
Q

Nonliving molecules that are recognized by the immune system are _______, such as:

A

Antigens

Pollen

Hair

Dust

30
Q

This is present in the stomach and kills harmful microbes

A

Hydrochloric acid

31
Q

What is the purpose of inflammation?

A

Calls white blood cells to the infected area

31
Q

The 3 major types of skin cancer are

A

Basal cell carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma

Melanoma (deadliest)

32
Q

How does the primary response differ from the secondary response?

A

The primary response takes longer for the antibodies to be created, this happens the first time the pathogen infects the body

The secondary response is a more rapid response and happens the second (or third…) time the invader enters the body. Antibody production increases dramatically in a much shorter time period.

32
Q

This is the most severe type of burn, and extends to the hypodermis, destroying epidermal and dermal cells

A

Third degree burn

33
Q

What is an allergy?

A

An exaggerated response by the immune system to an allergen

35
Q

Two ways of treating allergies

A

Antihistamines
Epinephrine

36
Q

Which system is responsible for maintaining homeostasis by recognizing harmful organisms and responding?

A

Immune System

37
Q

What causes an autoimmune disease?

A

The body stops being able to recognize self from non-self

38
Q

How are antibodies different from antibiotics?

A

Antibodies are produced by your body and fight either bacterial OR viral infection

Antibiotics are medicines that fight ONLY bacterial infections, NOT viral

39
Q

Compare the two types of allergic reactions.

A

Immediate: occurs within seconds and lasts for about 30 minutes

Delayed: takes longer to react and can last for a much longer period of time

40
Q

What are the effects of histamines?

A

Swelling of tissues

Release of fluids (runny noses and eyes)

Muscle spasms in some cases

41
Q

The physical barrier in the immune system

A

Skin

42
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A

Protection
Regulates body temperature

Removes waste from body

Sense organ

43
Q

A specific response to a specific pathogen or antigen is which line of defense

A

Third line of defense

45
Q

Which organelle aids the macrophages in targeting pathogens?

A

Lysosomes

45
Q

Blood vessels, nerves, nerve endings, sweat and oil glands, and hair follicles are found in the

A

Dermis

46
Q

Vaccines create what type of immunity?

A

Active immunity

47
Q

A
B
C
D
E

What do they stand for?

A

Assymetry

Borders

Color

Diameter

Evolving

48
Q

This layer is not considered a layer of the skin

A

Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

49
Q

What are the roles of the hypodermis?

A

Absorbs shock

Insulates the deeper tissues from extreme temperature changes

50
Q

These cells eat pathogens

A

White blood cells, specifically phagocytes/macrophages

51
Q

Which line of defense is the specific line of defense?

A

Third line of defense

52
Q

What is found in saliva and tears that aid the first line of defense?

A

Antibacterial enzymes

Biology 101 (16 decks)

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