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test ecology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 7 characterisitcs that an organism must have to be alive?

A

-be made of 1 or more cells
-contain DNA (or RNA)
-be able to grow
-be able to reproduce
-be able to respond to stimuli
-be able to adapt/evolve as a population
-have a metabloism

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2
Q

what is asexual reproduction?

A

when 1 parent produces genetically identical offspring

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3
Q

what is sexual reproduction?

A

when 2 parents produce genetidally unique offspring together

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4
Q

what is an example of a stimuli and response?

A

sunflowers grow facing east (response) towards the sunrise (stimuli)

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5
Q

what is an example of a population?

A

a group of bears in a forest in north colorado

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6
Q

what does abiotic mean?

A

nonliving

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7
Q

what does biotic mean?

A

living

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8
Q

what is an ecosystem?

A

all of the living and nonliving things

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9
Q

what is binomal nomenclature?

A

the two-naming system of naming organisms after their genus and species (most specific calssifaction levels)

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10
Q

list the classification levels from most to least inclusive

A

-domain
-kingdom
-phylum
-class
-order
-family
-genus
-species

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11
Q

what is a dichotomus key?

A

a tool used for identifying organisms based on their characteristics

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12
Q

what are the 6 levels of ecological organization?

A

-organism
-population
-community
-ecosystem
-biome
-biosphere

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13
Q

ecology

A

the study of relationships between two organisms/ between an organism and ites enviroment

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14
Q

metabolism

A

all of the chemical reactions of each cell in an organism that provide energy for life’s processes and create key molecules

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15
Q

organims

A

individual memeber of a species or population (ex. 1 deer)

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16
Q

population

A

multiple organims of the same species living together (ex. all the deer in a field)

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17
Q

community

A

multiple populations of different species living together (ex. all deer, squirrels, birds, plants in a field)

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18
Q

ecosystem

A

community plus all abiotic factors in the enviroment (ex. all deer, squirrels, birds, plants, rain, tempurature in a field)

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19
Q

biome

A

multiple ecosystems that share similar characteristics but are located on diffferent parts of the planet (ex. grassland)

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20
Q

biodiversity

A

the vareity of organisms considered at all levels from populations to ecosystems

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21
Q

taxonomy

A

field of biology tha classifies organisms, organizing them based on similar characteristics

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22
Q

bionomial nomenclature

A

two name naming system by Carolus Linnaeus that names organisms after their two most specific classification levels (genus species)

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23
Q

cladogram

A

diagram that shows relatedness (does not show ancestral relationship like phylogenic tree)

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24
Q

dichotomus key

A

tool used for identifying organisms based on their characteristics

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25
Q

why does matter have to cycle?

A

because matter is neither created nor destroyed and earth is a closed system

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26
Q

what are the stages of the water cycle?

A

-precipitation
-infiltration
-runoff
-evaporation
-transpiration
-condensation

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27
Q

what is one way humans (negatively) affect the water cycle?

A

deforestation- decreases transpiration

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28
Q

what are the stages of the carbon cycle?

A

-photosynthesis
-cellular respiration
(these are their own cycle within themselves)
-consumption
-decompostion
-fossilization
-combusion

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29
Q

what is one way humans (negatively) affect the carbon cycle?

A

combustion- causes a major increase of carbon in the atmosphere

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30
Q

what are the stages of the nitrogen cycle?

A

-nitrogen fixation
-consumption
-decompostion
-ammonification
-nitrification
-denitrification

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31
Q

what is one way humans (negatively) affect the nitrogen cycle?

A

fertilizers- creates in imbalance because of way too much nitrogen in the soil

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32
Q

what are two ways humans negatively affect the enviroment?

A

-eutrophication
-paving

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33
Q

what are three places you can find carbon?

A

-macromolecules
-fossil fuels
-in the atmosphere

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34
Q

what is a step that removes carbon from the atompshere?

A

photosynthesis

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35
Q

what is a step that returns carbon to the atmosphere?

A

combusion

36
Q

what two macromolecules are nitrogen a part of?

A

-proteins
-nucleic acids

37
Q

what is the chemical formula for atmospheric nitrogen?

A

N2

38
Q

what is the living organism involved in every step of the nitrogen cycle?

A

bacteria

39
Q

which step in the nitrogen cycle returns nitrogen to the atmosphere?

A

denitrification

40
Q

what is the only step in the water cycle that involves living organisms?

A

transpiration

41
Q

which cycles have a decomposition stage?

A

nitrogen and carbon

42
Q

what living organisms remove carbon from the atmosphere?

A

plants

43
Q

what organism is most essential ot the nitrogen cycle?

A

bacteria

44
Q

what is the driving force behind the water cycle?

A

the sun

45
Q

which cycles have a transpiration stage?

A

water

46
Q

which cycles have a photosyntheis stage?

A

carbon

47
Q

which cycles have a denitrification stage?

A

nitrogen

48
Q

which cycles have a cellular respiration stage?

A

carbon

49
Q

which cycles have a combustion stage?

A

carbon and nitrogen

50
Q

which cycles have a infiltration stage?

A

water

51
Q

which cycles have a precipitation stage?

A

water

52
Q

which cycles have a decomposition stage?

A

carbon and nitrogen

53
Q

which cycles have a consumption stage?

A

carbon and nitrogen

54
Q

list a living organism nad how it affects the water cycle

A

plants- use water in photosynthesis to make glucose

55
Q

list a living organism and how it affects the carbon cycle

A

human- breathes carbon back into the atmosphere

56
Q

list a living organism and how it affects the nitrogen cycle

A

bacteria- converst nitrogen into the form plants can use

57
Q

which cycle is affected by the widest variety of living organisms?

A

the carbon cycle

58
Q

which cycle is least affected by living organisms?

A

water

59
Q

biogeochemical cycles

A

represent the movemen of a particular form of matter through the living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem

60
Q

aquifer

A

an aunderground layer of permeable rock that can hold water

61
Q

eutrophication

A

when a body of water becomes overly enriched wiht nutrients, causing excessive algae growth

62
Q

what are some density- dependent limiting factors?

A

competition, predation, paratisim, and disease

63
Q

what are some density- independent limiting factors?

A

weather changes, pollution, and natural disasters

64
Q

what is population density?

A

the total number of individuals living in a defined space

65
Q

what is carrying capacity?

A

the maxiumum population the environment can support

66
Q

what type of population growth is the human population?

A

exponential

67
Q

what two things increase population density?

A

birth and immigration

68
Q

what two things decrease population density?

A

death and emmigration

69
Q

what growth patterns do most population follow?

A

logistic

70
Q

what type of populatoin growth is limited by a carrying capacity?

A

logistic

71
Q

what are some limiting abiotic factors?

A

climate, temperature, natural disasters

72
Q

what are some limit biotic factors?

A

competition, predation, disease

73
Q

what are the three types of dispersion patterns?

A

random, uniform, and clumped

74
Q

what are the three types of suvivorship curves?

A

type I- late loss: less offspring, heavy parental care (ex. humans)
type II- constant loss: mortality unaffected by age, less parental care (ex. birds)
type III- early loss: produces lots of offspring, many die right away (ex. mosquitos)

75
Q

population

A

a group of organisms of the same species living in the same space

76
Q

population density

A

measures the number of individual organisms living in a defined space

77
Q

suvivorship curve

A

a graphic representation of mortality rates shows the number of individuals ina population that can be expected to survive any specific age

78
Q

exponential growth

A

population grows wihtout limit (ex. humans)

79
Q

logistic growth

A

population grows quickly at first and then levels off (ex. most natural poulations- rabbits)

80
Q

carrying capacity

A

the maximum population that a given enviroment can support

81
Q

limiting factors

A

aspects of the enviroment that limit the size a population can reach

82
Q

biotic

A

living

83
Q

abiotic

A

nonliving

84
Q

density- dependent

A

have a bigger himpact on more dense populations (ex. predation)

85
Q

density independent

A

regulate population growth regarless of size or density (ex. natural disasters)

biology (11 decks)

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