test 4 Flashcards
producer
also called autotrophs, produce energy for themselves, get energy from nonliving sources (ex. plants, bacteria, algae)
consumer
also called heterotrophs, get energy from other living or once-living sources (not themselves) ex. animals, bacteria, fungi
detritivore
decomposer, eat dead materials
carnivore
eat only meat
omnivore
eat meat and vegetation
herbivore
eat only plants
how do autotrophs aquire energy?
from nonliving sources such as chemicals or the sun
how do heterotrophs aquire energy?
by consuming other oving or once living organisms
what is the significance of decomposers in the food chain?
they return nutrients to the soil as they break down dead organisms, allowing autotrophs to get the nutrients they need to produce energy and the flow of energy to continue.
what do photosynthesis and chemosynthesis have in common?
they use nonliving sources for energy
what differences do photosynthesis and chemosynthesis have?
photo- source: the sun, ex. plants and cyanobacteria, equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6O2
chemo- source: chemicals like sulfure and methane, ex. deep sea vent bacteria, equation: 6CO2 + 18H2S + 3O2 –> C6H12 + 12H2O + 18S
why is the pyramid shpae used to represent energy in a food chain?
because at each tropic level there is less and less energy available and it represents this well because as the levels go up they get smaller
why is the pyramid shape used to represent biomass in a food chain?
the total mass of living oranic matter at each level (less and less as you go up and levels get smaller)
why is the pyramid shape used to represent numbers in a food chain?
it represents the number of organisms at each trophic level since energy level decreases at each level, fewer organisms can be supported
give and example of an energy pyramid
grass at the bottom (producer), level one, 100% of energy available, ex. 1500 cal
grasshopper (primary consumer), level 2, 10% of energy available, ex. 150 cal
mouse (secondary consumer), level 3, 1% of energy available, ex. 15 cal
owl (tertiary consumer), level 4, 0.1% of energy available, ex. 1.5 cal
describe how energy flows through each level of an energy pyramid
the producers (ex. grass) produce energy and the primary consumer (ex. grasshopper) eat it, gaining 10% of its energy as the rest is lost/ used by the organism and lost in heat. then the secondary consumer eats the priamry consumer and aquires 10% of ites energy (1% of the original energy), then the same happens with the tertiary consumer, but it only gains 0.1% of the original energy
if you are at the top of the pyramid, who will eat you?
no one (until you are dead, then detritivores)
what is the purpose of photosynthesis?
to make simple sugars
what is the purpose of cellular respiration?
to make (convert things to) ATP
what is the only usable form of energy for our cells?
ATP
photosynthesis
the overall process by which sunlight (solar/ light energy), water, and carbon dioxide are chemically converted inot chemical energy and stored in glucose (a sugar/ carbohydrate)
grana
pancake- like stacks of thylakoid membrane
stroma
fluid- like substance that fills space between the grana
chlorophyll
pigment that captures sunlights
chemosynthesis
process of an organism making its own food using chemicals instead of sunlight like in photosynthesis
where does all energy on earth come from?
the sun
describe the overall process energy goes through to be in a usable form of ATP for consumers.
plants/ producers take sunlight along with carbon dioxide and water and change it throught the ETC and teh Calvin Cycle (photosynthesis) into glucose. then we consume these producers and aquire this energy in the form of glucose. we then turn it into ATP through the Krebs Cycle and ETC.
list the significant events of the light dependent reaction of photosynthesis (ETC)
-occurs in grana
-energy form the sun is passed down the ETC and stored in the bonds of ATP and NADPH
-water molecules are split and oxygen is released a s a by-product while hydrogen is used for energy
-ATP, NADPH, and hydrogen leave the grana and enter the strom for the next stage
what are the reactants and products involved in the light-dependent reaction (ETC)?
reactants: sunlight, water
products: oxygen, ATP, NADPH, hydrogen
list the significant events of the light- independent reaction (calvin cycle).
-occurs in stroma
-chemical reactions powered by ATP and NADPH combine hydrogen (from water and nadpH) with carbon dioxide to form glucose
waht are the products and reactants involved with the light- independent reaction (calvin cycle)?
reactants: carbon dioxide, hydrogen
products: glucose, NADP+, ADP + P
write the chemical formula for photosynthesis in words and as an equation
6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6O2
six carbon dioxide plus six water molecules yields one glucose plus six oxygen
why can’t we do photosynthesis?
because we can’t absorb sunlight
why can’t we do photosynthesis?
because we can’t absorb sunlight
what process do we do instead of photsynthesis?
cellular respiratoin
what organelle does photosynthesis occur in?
the chloroplast
where does the light- independent reaction occur (calvin cycle)?
stroma (liquid portion)
is photosynthesis and exothermic or endothermic reaction?
endothermic- building something energy-rich out of energy-poor products
cellular respiration
a chemical reaction that happens in consumers and converts the chemical enegy in food (glucose) to chemical energy stored in ATP, occurs in mitochondria, we do this beause we can’t make food for ourselves
inner membrane
folded membranes in the mitochondria aka cristae
matrix
fluid- like substance that fills the space of the michondria
aerobic
requires oxygen (aerobic respiration happesn in 2 steps- the krebs scycle and ETC, produces ATP)
anaerobic
oxygen is absent/ not required (anaerobic respirtaion is also called fermentation, produces less ATP than aerobic)
fermentation
aka anerobic respiration, 2 main types- lactic acid and alcohol, produces ATP
what is the overall goal of cellular respiration?
to conver the chemical energy in food (glucose) inot chemical energy in ATP because it is a usuable form for us
why is cell respiration necessary for consumer like us?
because we cannot caputer sunlight and make food for ourselves, and we cannot usee glucose directly for energy
what is the chemical formula for cell respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6 H2O
what is the difference between aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration?
aerobic occurs in the mitochondria when O2 is present, 2 steps: Krebs Cycle to maek 2 ATP, NADH, and FADH2 with O2 as a by-product, in matrix, ETC to make 34 ATP and H2O from electrons and hydrogens in inner membrane OVERALL MAKES 36- 38 ATP!
anaerobic occurs in the cytoplasm in O2 isn’t present, 2 types: lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermenation (both make 2 ATP) OVERALL MAKES 2-4 ATP
what is the purpose of glycolysis?
to split the 6 carbon- molecule of glucose in half to form 2 3-carbon molecules called pyruvates
where does glycolysis occur?
the cytoplasm (doesn’t need oxygen)
what happens overall in the krebs cycle?
occurs in matrix, two pyruvates from glycolysis are chemically converted to make 2 ATP and two energy-carrying molecules NADH and FADH2
what happens overall in the ETC?
occurs in inner membrane of miochondria, uses the energy form the electrons and hydrogens formed in the krebs cycle to make 34 ATP
describe lactic acid fermentation.
uses pyruvates form glycolysis to make lactic acid and 2 ATP, occurs in bacteria, animals
describe alcohol fermenation.
uses pyruvate from glycolysis to make alcohol, CO2, and 2ATP, occurs in yeast
how can the rate of photosynthesis be measured?
by measuring oxygen production or carbon dioxide consumption
where in the cells of leaves do you find air spaces?
the spongy mesophyll layer
what is the function of the stomata?
to exchange the carbon dioxide and osygen
what happens if you remove the air from the spaces in a plant?
the leaves will become denser (will sink in water and be denser than water)
how will air return to spaces in a plant?
if the leaf is places in an laternate source of CO2 in the form of bioarbonate ions
