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biology > test 7- heredity > Flashcards

test 7- heredity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

gene

A

a section of DNA that provides the instructions for many making a protein

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2
Q

alleles

A

different versions of the same gene

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3
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

the matching chromosomes from our mom and dad

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4
Q

homozygous

A

2 of the same (ex. AA or aa)

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5
Q

heterozygous

A

2 different alleles (ex. Aa)

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6
Q

dominant

A

if present, allele will always have that trait expressed/ seen

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7
Q

recessive

A

allele will only have that trait expressed when the dominants allele not present

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8
Q

genotype

A

the actual alleles inherited (ex. genes that code for the flower color such as FF, Ff, or ff)

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9
Q

phenotype

A

the physical traits/ characteristics seen in an organism (ex. purple flowers)

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10
Q

punnett square

A

a diagram that shows the probability of inheriting trait from parents with certain genes

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11
Q

monohybrid cross

A

a cross between two organisms looking at one trait

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12
Q

dihybrid cross

A

used when finding the possible genotypes of roffspring when considering 2 traits at the same time

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13
Q

law of dominance

A

a dominant (strong) allele will express itself over a recessive (weak) allele

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14
Q

law of segregation

A

when chromosomes separate in meiosis, each gamete (egg or sperm) will receive only 1 chromosome from each pair)

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15
Q

law independent assortment

A

the assortment of chromosomes for 1 trait doesn’t affect the assortment of chromosomes for another

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16
Q

what kind of genotype and phenotype would this be if b was blue and B was brown:
BB

A

homozygous dominant, brown eyes

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17
Q

what kind of genotype and phenotype would this be if b is blue and B is brown:
bb

A

homosygous recessive, blue eyes

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18
Q

what kind of genotype and phenotype would this be if b is blue and B is brown:
Bb

A

heterosygous, brown eyes

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19
Q

how many alleles do you have for one gene?

A

you have 2 alleles for each gene

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20
Q

where do these alleles come from?

A

1 from mom and 1 from dad

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21
Q

list mendels three laws of inheritance

A

-law of dominance
-law of segregatoin
-law of independent assortment

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22
Q

chromosome theory of inheritance

A

genes are located on the chromosomes and the behavior of the chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns

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23
Q

incomplete dominance

A

the heterozygous phenotype is somewhere between the 2 homozygous phenotypes, niether allele is dominant or recessive

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24
Q

codominance

A

both traits are fully and separatley expressed (ex. blood type- AB is fully A and fully B)

25
Q

multiple alleles

A

having more than 2 alleles for one gene (ex. alleles for blood type = A, B, and i)

26
Q

polygenic traits

A

a trait that produced by two or more genes, usually shows a range in phenotype (ex. height, eye color)

27
Q

linked genes

A

genes that are physically located on the same chromosome will be inherited together

28
Q

epistatsis

A

when one gene overshadows another gene and blocks the output

29
Q

carrier

A

a person that has the gee for a trait or diseas but doesn’t show it

30
Q

in codominance, what represents the alleles?

A

two separate letters- ex. A and B

31
Q

in incomplete dominance, what represents the alleles?

A

same capital letter, one with a prime- ex. H and H’

32
Q

what is a real world example for incomplete dominance?

A

red and white flowers make pink

33
Q

what is a real world example of codominance?

A

blood type AB is fully A and fully B

34
Q

what is real world example of multiple alleles?

A

blood type- alleles of A, B, and i

35
Q

what is a real world example of polygenic inheritance?

A

height

36
Q

what is a real world example of linked genes?

A

blonde hair and blue eyes

37
Q

what inheritance pattern is this: two people have 5 kids with a range of personalities.

A

polygenic inheritance

38
Q

what inheritance pattern is this: a black horse and a white horse make a gray horse.

A

incomplete dominance

39
Q

what inheritance pattern is this: duchene muscular dystrophy is a disease most common in males.

A

sex- linked genes

40
Q

what inheritance pattern is this: red hair and freckles are almost always inherited together.

A

linked genes

41
Q

what inheritance pattern is this: a black horse and a white horse make a spotted horse.

A

codominance

42
Q

what is the difference between traits inherited on sex chromosomes and traits on autosomes?

A

sex chromosomes give you your biological sex and sex linked genes while autosomes give you traits that make you who you are and linked genes

43
Q

mutation

A

any change in DNA (the order of nucleotide bases/ letters)

44
Q

mutagen

A

chemicals that can cause DNA mutations (ex. radiation)

45
Q

gene mutation

A

happen during DNA replication and cause a change to the orginal DNA sequence

46
Q

point mutations

A

substitute 1 nucleotide for another (ex. sickle cell anemia)

47
Q

frameshift mutations

A

the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide (ATTACC–>ATACC)

48
Q

chromosomal mutation

A

often happen during meiosis, changing the number or location of genes (ex. Down Syndrome)

49
Q

duplicaton

A

changes the size of chromosomes and results in multiple copies of a single gene

50
Q

translocation

A

pieces of non-homolgous chromosomes exchange segments (during crossing over)

51
Q

nondisjunction

A

chromosomes do not separate correctly during anaphase, resulting in 1 or 3 chromosomes per cell

52
Q

pedigree

A

chart used to trace the pheotypes and genotypes in a family to determine whether people carry diseases or not

53
Q

is a mutation in a somatic cell or gamete worse or why?

A

gamete because with a somatice cell it will only affect that cell/ part of the body but with the gamete every cell in the offspring’s body will have it

54
Q

is a gene mutation or chromosome mutation worse and why?

A

a chromosome mutation because there are many genes on one chromosome so it affects more

55
Q

what is an example of a mutagen?

A

cigarette smoke

56
Q

what is an example of a disorder caused by nondisjunction?

A

down syndrome

57
Q

what is an example of a disoreder cause by a gene mutation?

A

cystic fibrosis

58
Q

what is an example of a disorder caused by a chromosomal mutation?

A

turner’s syndrome

biology (11 decks)

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