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biology > test 6- genetics part 2 > Flashcards

test 6- genetics part 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

protien synthesis

A

the process of reading instructions in DNA to make a polypeptide

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2
Q

polypeptide

A

a chain of amino acids, can bind to others and fold into a protein

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3
Q

transcription

A

DNA is copied into a completmentary strand of mRNA

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4
Q

genetic code

A

code of instructions for how to make proteins

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5
Q

codon

A

a set of 3 nucleotides on the mRNA

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6
Q

anticodon

A

“complementary” 3 nucleotides on tRNA

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7
Q

amino acid

A

monomer (building block) for making proteins, held together by peptide bonds

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8
Q

translation

A

interpreting the RNA message into a polupetide to make a protien

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9
Q

epigenetics

A

the study of changes in gene expression that are heritable

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10
Q

what is the central dogma of genetics?

A

DNA—>transcription, RNA—>translation, protein

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11
Q

why does making proteins have to be a two step process?

A

because DNA is located in the nucleus and can’t leave, but protiens are made in ribosomes so there has to be a way to get it out by changing it to something that can leave the nucelus

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12
Q

what is mRNA’s role in protein synthesis?

A

-copies instruction in DNA
-carries them out to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

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13
Q

what is tRNA’s role in protein synthesis?

A

-binds and carries specific amino acids tot the ribosome

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14
Q

what is rRNA’s role in protein synthesis?

A

-along with proteins, make up the ribosome
-help catalyze formatino of specific bonds

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15
Q

where does transcription take place?

A

in the nucleus

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16
Q

what are the steps of transcription?

A

-unzip the gene that needs to be copied
-use complementary base paring rules to match RNA nucleotides with the exposed DNA nucleotides
-release the completed mRNA molecule
-DNA zips back up and the mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm

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17
Q

where does translation take place?

A

in the ribosomes which are in the cytoplasm

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18
Q

what are the steps of translation?

A

-mRNA attaches to a ribosome
-ribosome reads the mRNA molecule codons starting at AUG
-tRNAs act like taxis to pick up and drop off the amino acides that match with each codon
-tRNAs continue to drop off amino acids and the ribosome binds the amino acids together by peptide bonds
-when the “stop” codon is reached, the ribosome releases the completed polypeptide chain

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19
Q

what are the base pairing rules for DNA to mRNA?

A

A—>U
T—>A
C—>G
G—>C

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20
Q

how is gene expression regulated?

A

-regulatory proteins called transcription factors control gene activity and basically turn genes on and off
-repressors decrease transcription (off)
-activations increase transcription (on)
-happens a lot in cell differentiation

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21
Q

what is the difference between epigenetics and mutation?

A

-epigenetics are changes in gene EXPRESSION that are heritable
-mutations are a change in DNA SEQUENCE
-epeigenetics don’t affect the actual DNA, just how it is expressed

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22
Q

what is a possible consequence of an error made in transcription or translation?

A

-if an error is made in transcription then it will get the codon wrong and code for the wrong amino acid and then it will make a completley different protein
-not only will you have a defecit of the protein that you need, you will have an excess of one you don’t
-then you can’t do whatever function you needed to

23
Q

what kind of bonds hold nitrogen bases together?

A

hydrogen

24
Q

what types of RNA are involved in transcription?

A

mRNA

25
Q

what types of RNA are involved in translation?

A

mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA

26
Q

diploid

A

cells with 2 full sets of choromsomes (2n = 46 in humans), 1 from mom and 1 from dad, somatic cells

27
Q

haploid

A

cells with 1 full set of chromosomes (n = 23 in humans), set is a combo from mom and dad

28
Q

karyotype

A

diagram that shows the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in a cell

29
Q

meiosis

A

the processof cell division that creates gametes in the gonads

30
Q

sexual reproduction

A

organisms that reproduce sexually fuse the genetic information from two parents to produce offspring that are a genetic mixture of both parents

31
Q

fertilization

A

the actual fusion of egg and sprem to form a zygote

32
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

chromosome pairs hat have the same types of genes (1 from mom and 1 from dad)

33
Q

sister chromatids

A

2 identical copies of the same chromosome (X)

34
Q

what are somatic cells?

A

body cells, diploids (2n = 46), 2 full sets of chromosomes, ex. blood cells

35
Q

what are gametes?

A

sex cells, haploids (n = 23), 1 full set of chromosomes ex. egg and sperm

36
Q

what are autosomes?

A

carry the traits that make you who you are, 1st 22nd pairs of chromosomes

37
Q

what are sex chromosomes?

A

the 23rd pair of chromosomes, determine your sex, xx or xy

38
Q

describe meiosis I (purpose, results, process)

A

-separation of homologous chromosomes
-interphase + pmat I
-end result = 2 haploid daughter cells with duplicated chromosomes that are differenct from the original set

39
Q

describe meiosis II (purpose, results, process)

A

-separation of sister chromatids
-pmat II
-end result = 4 haploid daughter cells that are genetically unique

40
Q

why do cells that go through meisosis have to divide twice?

A

through dividing, the # of chromosomes is reduced so when the egg and sperm fuse it has the correct number of chromosomes

41
Q

what are the purpose, result, and place of meiosis?

A

-purpose = make sex cells (eventually babies)
-result = 4 unique haploid gametes
-place = gonads

42
Q

what are the purpose, results, and place of mitosis?

A

-purpose = make somatic cells for growth and repair
-results = 2 identical diploid somatic cells
-place = everywhere

43
Q

what would a mistake in meiosis cause to happen?

A

-cause your cell to end up with an extra chromosome
-could cause a baby to have a defect like down syndrome

44
Q

what would a mistake in mitosis cause to happen?

A

-could cause cancer or your cells to stop functioning correctly
-cause the number of chromosomes in your cells to be off forever

45
Q

what happens in interphase?

A

-DNA replication
-cell growth
-protein synthesis

46
Q

what happens in prophase I?

A

-crossing over
-nuclear membrane breaks down
-homologous chromosomes pair up
-spindle fibers appear

47
Q

what happens in metaphase I?

A

homologous chromosomes line up in the middle

48
Q

what happens in anaphase I?

A

homologous chromosome pairs separate

49
Q

what happens in telophase I?

A

-chromosomes gather at poles
-nuclear membrane may reform

50
Q

what happens in cytokinesis?

A

cytoplasm divides into 2 cells

51
Q

what happens in prophase II?

A

-nuclear membrane reforms
-spindle fibers form
-spindle fibers attach at centrioles

52
Q

what happens in metaphase II?

A

sister chromatids line up single file

53
Q

what happens in anaphase II?

A

sister chromatids separate

54
Q

what happens in telophase II / cytokinesis II?

A

-nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes
-spindle fibers dissolve
-cytoplasm divides each cell in 2 creating 4 cells

biology (11 decks)

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